Tory
Tory names 2 different subjects across the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. Each is set out below. 1 of them is described by more than one encyclopedia.
Tory MUCH USED FOR PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE SKY Photo
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
MUCH USED FOR PHOTOGRAPHS OF THE SKY Photo, International Film Service STUDYING THE STARS THROUGH THE 26-INCH TELESCOPE Photo, Ewing Galloway PORTLAND CEMENT WORKS NEAR HOUSTON, TEXAS by the war. In 1919 about 75 new cotton mills or large additions were built in the United States, the yarn industry in the division making the greatest gain, 22 new mills being listed under hosiery and five under coarse yarns. In 1919 there were 289 new textile mills erected in the United States. In cotton manufacturing the mills of Lancashire have long held the yield, though the development of the textile industries in the United States is likely before long to carry supremacy to this side of the Atlantic. The United States for a number of years has spun more pounds of raw material, but the spindles have run mostly on the coarse or medium-sized yarns. Wool is grown and manufactured in various countries, and Great Britain, Ireland, France, Germany, Austria Hungary, with one or two adjacent countries produce all except about one-sixth of the wool produced in Europe. England, Ireland and Scotland between them have perhaps the most important woolen industries. France produces a finer quality of woolen cloth than the United ed States, which is gradually assuming, on the other hand, a leading position in the carpet industry, which consumes large quantities of wool. In no line in this group of industries, perhaps, is the United States progressing more rapidly than in the manufacture of silk, in which it now surpasses all other countries. Already in the early years of d France the present century it surpassed in the value of the product, in spite of the fact that the industry in this country dates back little further than the year 1870. The only serious competitors of the United States in this field that remain are China and Japan, whose exact status cannot be determined as reliable statistics are not available in regard to either. Japan in 1919 was reported as acquiring high-power looms and modern equipment for her silk factories, and was estimated to be manufacturing over 100 per cent more silk than she manufactured in previous years. Raw silk comes to the United States mainly from China, Japan and Italy, and from these and other countries were imported in 1918 an estimated total of 32,86 32,865,453 pounds. In the 10 months ending October, 1919, Japan alone provided the United States with $194,000,000 worth of raw silk out of the $251,000,000 worth imported in the 10 months ending with October. China sent $45,000,000 worth; Italy $11,000,000; while the imports from other countries were less than $1,000,000 worth. In 1919 manufacturers of silk in the United States had to pay higher prices for raw silk from other countries than in the previous years. In spite of the fact the value of imports of raw silk was the largest on record, exceeding $300,000,000 as against $180,000,000 in 1918, $156,- 000,000 in 1917, and $120,000,000 in 1916. The amount, despite the higher cost, was greater than in all the preceding years. The price of raw silk imported was the highest recorded averaging $8.42 per pound in October, as against an average of $3 per pound in 1915. In the United States in 1920 the demand for silk goods continued as strong as ever, and the volume of business recorded was greater than in any previous year.
Tory a member of the British political party opposed to the Whig
Described by 2 of the 6 encyclopedias.
Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)
a member of the British political party opposed to the Whig. The origin of this party name is interesting. The term is Irish, meaning a pursuer, searcher, plunderer. During the reign of Charles II, tory was a common name for Irish robbers and outlaws who dwelt in the bogs. Later it was applied to the outlawed element of Ireland that upheld the cause of the Catholic Duke of York whom the Protestants of England desired to exclude from the throne. Later, when the duke came to the throne, the name was transferred to the court party and became attached to the great political organization that acted in opposition to the Whigs. While no hard and fast line can be drawn, it may be said that the members of the Church of England were chiefly Tories, while the dissenters or independent elements generally were Whigs. Historically, the Tories are considered the party of the church and state. On the whole the Tory party has upheld the prerogatives of the crown and has stood by the privileges of the established church. The Conservative party is the successor of the Tory party. In America persons that stood for British authority were dubbed "Tories." In the days of the American Revolution there were more Tories in New York than in any other colony. When the conflict was decided in favor of the American cause a large body of the Tories, including most of the wealth and intelligence of New York, found themselves in so uncomfortable a position that they emigrated to Nova Scotia and Upper Canada, and many returned to England. Tory families that were wealthy in New York thus found themselves beginners in the world again.
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
a political party name of Irish origin, first used in England about 1679, applied originally to Irish Revolutionary Catholic outlaws, and then generally to those who refused to concur in the scheme to exclude James II. from the throne. The nickname, like its contemporaneous opposite Whig, in coming into popular use became much less strict in its application, till at last it came simply to signify an adherent of that political party in the State who disapproved of change in the ancient constitution, and who supported the claims and authority of the king, church, and aristocracy, while their opponents, the Whigs, were in favor of more or less radical changes, and supported the claims of the democracy. In modern times the term has to some extent been supplanted by Conservative.
What Has Changed in the Last Century
Aiton's derivation of the word in 1910 from the Irish tóraí, a pursuer or plunderer of the bogs, is still the accepted etymology, and its remark that "the Conservative party is the successor of the Tory party" holds so firmly that "Tory" remains the everyday British name for Conservatives in Parliament and the press today. What has vanished is the other half of the pairing: the Whigs, whom both accounts treat as the living opposite, had already dissolved into the Liberal Party, which in turn merged into the Liberal Democrats in 1988, so "Tory" now has no matching nickname on the other side. Historians of the American Revolution have also largely dropped "Tory" in favour of "Loyalist" for the colonists Aiton describes fleeing New York for Nova Scotia and Upper Canada, a migration now studied as a founding episode of English-speaking Canada rather than as a footnote of wealthy families made "beginners in the world again."
Written for this edition, 2026.