Trans-Siberian Railway
2 of the 7 encyclopedias on this shelf carry an entry for Trans-Siberian Railway. Both are reproduced below, so you can see where they agree and where they differ.
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
a railway system of Russia, extending from St. Petersburg to Port Arthur. The entire distance from St. Petersburg to Vladivostok is 6,677 miles. The original cost was $172,525,000. The first sod was cut at Vladivostok on May 24, 1891. To facilitate the work of construction, the line was divided into three parts. The first started from the European frontier in the Ural, and ran E.; the second from Vladivostok, on the Pacific, ran W.; while the third, the middle section, near Lake Baikal, joined the other two. The whole line was opened for passenger traffic in December, 1901. In 1905 a line was laid around the southern end of Lake Baikal which obviated a boat-trip on the lake which passengers were formerly forced to take. TRANSUBSTANTIATION. The meaning of the theological term transubstantiation is made apparent in the following canon of the Council of Trent: "If any one shall say that, in the most holy sacrament of the Eucharist, there remains the substance of bread and wine together with the body and blood of our Lord Jesus Christ, and shall deny that wonderful and singular conversion of the whole substance of the bread into the body, and of the whole substance of the wine into the blood, the species of bread and wine alone remaining-which conversion the Catholic church most fittingly calls transubstantiation-let him be anathema." The canon quoted was intended as a condemnation of the theories of impanation and consubstantiation. According to the theory of impanation, which was advocated chiefly by Osiander, in the sacrament of the Eucharist, the bread and wine were hypostatically or personally assumed by the Divine Word. According According to the theory of consubstantiation, which was favored by the large majority of the Lutherans, the substance of the bread and wine remains together with the body and blood of Jesus Christ, but without being hypostatically assumed. The doctrine of transubstantiation is then an article of Roman Catholic faith. Furthermore, the Council of Trent in the same Session xiii. declares that this doctrine "has always been the conviction in the Church of God." Protestant divines call in question the truth of this declaration, and assert that the doctrine was unknown before the Middle Ages. Roman Catholic theologians, on the other hand, while admitting that the term transubstantiation is comparatively new, profess their ability to prove by a catena of witnesses, commencing with the earliest ages of the church, that the doctrine conveyed by the term has been believed from the first. That the term is comparatively new is unquestionable. Cardinal Franzelin, indeed ("De Eucharistia," p. 177), gives instances of its use by Catholic writers in the 11th and 12th centuries. Nevertheless it was not formally adopted into the doctrinal phraseology of the Church before 1215, when it faith was employed in a profession of drawn up by the fourth Lateran Council. After this period we find the term again of faith," employed in a "confession which was presented for subscription to Michael Palæologus, the Greek emperor, by Pope Clement IV. (1267), and was professed by the emperor in the second Ecumenical Council of Lyons held in 1274 under Pope Gregory X.
Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)
a railway system of Russia extending eastward to the Pacific coast. This road was constructed for military purposes, in other words, to hold Siberia and, if possible, to acquire new territory at the expense of Korea and China. Before undertaking the enterprise, Russian commissioners studied the railway systems of the world, including those of North America . The Italian workmen who built the St. Gothard tunnel were transported in a body to Russia. The work was begun at Moscow as early as 1870. The Volga was bridged in 1880-1891. The eastward extension of the rail-road began in dead earnest. One of the greatest obstacles to the progress of the road was Lake Baikal. For some years it was passed by means of a steam ferry in the summer time and by a track laid on the ice in winter. A detour has finally been built around the south side of the lake at a cost of $15,000,000. At Harbin, Manchuria, the line divided, one branch going southward to Port Arthur , the other continuing eastward to Vladivostok. At the conclusion of the war with Japan the southern branch passed out of the control of Russia. The entire system cost Russia over $200,000,000. The run from Moscow to Vladivostok occupies nearly three weeks, the schedule time of the regular passenger train being about fourteen miles an hour. The fare varies from $50 to $125, according to accommodations. During the war with Japan the railroad was put to a severe test. The Russian government transported 300,000 troops with their supplies and ammunition to Manchuria in ninety days. See Baikal ; Korea ; Harbin ; Port Arthur ; Manchuria