Urban
2 of the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf carry an entry for Urban. Both are reproduced below, so you can see where they agree and where they differ.
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
the name of eight popes: URBAN I., succeeded Calixtus I., in 222, and suffered martyrdom in 230. URBAN II. (Odo of Lagny); born in , France, about 1042, Châtillon-sur-Marne succeeded Victor III. in 1088. He caused supported as anti- Guibert, who had been to pope under the title of Clement III., preached the first be driven out of Rome; 1095, and convoked the councrusade in cils of Bari, Clermont, and Rome. He 29, 1099. died in Rome, July URBAN III. (Herbert Crivelli), archof Lucius bishop of Milan, was successor papal chair III., and was elected to the send assistance in 1185. He endeavored to were to the Christians in the East, who Saladin, but died being sorely pressed by his object. He died before he could effect in France, Oct. 20, 1187. URBAN IV., became Pope in succession He excomto Alexander IV. in 1261. municated Manfred, King of Naples, and , Count of offered the crown to Charles brother to Provence and Anjou, and POPE URBAN V. Louis IX. of France, which led to the the subsequent wars of the Anjous for . He died possession of Sicily and Naples in Orvieto, Italy, Oct. 2, 1265. URBAN V. succeeded Innocent VI. in seat from 1362. He restored the papal Avignon to Rome, founded many churches, and reformed numerous abuses. 16, He died in Avignon, France, Dec. 1370. URBAN VI. (Bartholomew Prignano), succeeded Gregory XI. in 1378. The of Gencardinals afterward chose Robert ., eva, who took the name of Clement VII Avignon. and took up his residence in "West- Thus was originated the famous ern Schism," which endured for nearly 1389. 50 years. He died in Rome, Oct. 15, URBAN VII. succeeded Sixtus V. in 1590, but died in less than a fortnight afterward, Sept. 28, 1590. URBAN VIII. (Maffeo Barberini); born pontifical throne in in 1568, ascended the the Jansenists, re- 1623. He condemned vised the hymns of the Roman Catholic of some Church, and was the author died in Latin and Italian poems. He Rome, July 29, 1644.
Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)
the name of eight popes. Of these the most celebrated is Urban II. He was a native of France. He occupied the papal chair from 1088 to 1099. He preached the First Crusade. He attempted zealously to unite the Greek and Latin churches. He enforced the church laws and forbade priests to marry. He maintained stoutly the policy of his predecessor, Gregory VII, to make the appointment of bishops and election of the pope entirely independent of the Roman emperor.
What Has Changed in the Last Century
These are dead men and settled dates, and the lists stand: Collier's counted eight popes named Urban in 1921, and there are still only eight, the name unused since Urban VIII died in 1644. The one silence worth filling is that neither account mentions the event Urban VIII is now best known for — the 1633 trial of Galileo, once his friend, which ended in Galileo's condemnation and house arrest; in 1992 John Paul II publicly closed a commission that acknowledged the Church's error in the case. Historians have also grown more sceptical of the older picture of Urban II's 1095 sermon at Clermont, since the surviving versions of the speech were all written down after the First Crusade had already succeeded.
Written for this edition, 2026.