Utica
Utica names 4 different subjects across the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. Each is set out below.
Utica an ancient city of north originally founded as a Phoenician colony phitheater
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
an ancient city of north originally founded as a Phoenician colony phitheater, an aqueduct, and the remains of quays; for a bay then carried the sea (now nearly 10 miles distant) to the site. During the third Punic war Utica submitted tal of the province of Africa. Afterward to Rome, and became the capiit was the see of a bishop, till its destruction by the Arabs. UTILITARIANISM life which represents happiness as the , that theory of only ultimate end to be devised and sought after-not necessarily the happiness of the human race as a totality, and "even as individual, but that of the far as possible of the sentient creation"-in Bentham's phrase "the greatest number." With Jeremy Bentham, the inventor of term the "grea the greatest number," as the end of all true "greatest happiness of the moral action, Utilitarianism takes its more modern shape "has placed mankind under the govern- . "Nature," he said, ment of two sovereign masters, Pain and Pleasure. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do." In J. S. Mill Utilitarianism assumes its present, which may be safely said to be its highest, form. There, the happiness of the race is announced as an end to be pursued by the individual, even though he should be obliged to renounce his own in its attainment. A place is found for the martyr's effort, but that effort must be in accordance with the great principle of Utilitarianism , or it is worse than useless. Moreover , happiness is here no low or degrading conception quality as well as quantity in pleasures, , for there is and a lower pleasure must yield to a higher-the senses to the intellect, the body to the mind. Those who have had experienced of both may be taken as judges of the question. They have uniformly given 1 the palm to the higher pleasures, and from their decision "I apprehend there can be no appeal.". By careful moral education of the individual is to be so developed the conscience that its force in the direction of right action will be all-powerful. That Utilitarianism is a theory plausibility, and that it can urge a great of great deal in suppo support of its position, is from the preceding historical sketch. It evident is, so to speak, a self-contained theory; it does not require to go beyond the obvious facts of existence to support its claims; it is plain, simple, and direct; it affords an easy and safe rule for the solution of all disputed questions of morals; and it is in obvious agreement with a vast number of the most patent facts of life. Many arguments have been employed against Utilitarianism. It has been urged: (1) That our powers have various ends, how then can happiness be the end of them all? (2) That all actions producing happiness are not regarded as moral actions. All actions producing pain are not wrong actions. (3) That pain may be used as a means to good, but we must not do evil that good may come of it. (4) That we cannot always calculate beforehand whether the effects of an action will be good or bad. Human life is too complex, and the knowledge an individual has of it is too small to allow him to judge with perfect certainty. Besides, men will take different views of such questions, and thus the moral standard will at best be but a fluctuating one. These objections have been more or less effectively met by the advocates of Utilitarianism, but the gravest objection to the doctrine is (5) that it has no proper theory of dutythe word "right" has no deep true meaning in the system.
Utica a city of New York
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
a city of New York, the counseat of Oneida co. ty- It is on the Mohawk river , the State Barge canal, and on the New York Central, the New York, Ontario and Western , the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western, the Adirondack and St. Lawrence , and the West Shore railroads. The city is attractively situated at an elevation of about 430 feet. The streets are well laid out and maintained. The city has an area of 1,055 square miles. The notable buildings include a city hall, United States Government building, State armory, Munson Williams Memorial, Y. M. C. A. building, Y. W. C. A. building, Utica Free Academy, and the State Masonic Home. There is a national public library with nearly 100,000 volumes. There are also several other libraries in the city. Utica has an unusual number of charitable institutions. These include the Home for Aged Men and Couples , Utica Orphan Asylum, St. Vincent's Industrial School, St. John's Orphan Asylum, House of the Good Shepherd, and four hospitals. The State Insane Asylum is also located here. The city is an important industrial center. It is surrounded by a rich agricultural and dairy farming country, and the growing of hops is an important industry in the surrounding district. In 1914, Utica ranked eighth in industrial importance among the cities of the State. There were over 300 establishments, with a product valued at nearly $35,- 000,000. The industries include the manufacture of men's clothing, knit goods, woolen goods, heating apparatus, farm implements, paints, fire extinguishers, automobile par parts harness, cutlery, etc. The assessed real , saddlery and estate value in 1919 was $87,795,495. The net funded debt was $2,876,722. History. During the Revolutionary it period was a frontier trading post, and the site of Fort Schuyler. It is a part of the original tract of 22,000 acres which the king granted to William Crosby, the colonial governor in 1734. Utica was settled by colonists from England and New England. porated a village in 1798, and chartered It was incora city in 1832. Pop. (1910) 74,419; (1920) 94,156. Africa; 20 miles N. W. of Carthage;
Utica The greatest city of ancient Africa
1000 Classical Characters (1900)
The greatest city of ancient Africa, after Carthage. It was the scene of the last stand made by the Pompeian party against Caesar , and of the glorious though mistaken selfsacrifice of the younger Cato.
Utica . See Cato
Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)
. See Cato
What Has Changed in the Last Century
Collier's noted in 1921 that the sea had retreated "nearly 10 miles" from ancient Utica; the ruins, near Utique in Tunisia, are now stranded further still on the silted plain of the Medjerda, and excavation there has continued into the present century, with debate over whether the Phoenician settlement is as old as the traditional 1101 B.C. The Utica of New York has had a harder century than the 1921 entry implies. Its population, 94,156 in 1920, peaked at about 101,000 in 1930 and then fell by nearly half as the textile and knit-goods mills that made it the state's eighth industrial city closed or moved south; the Barge Canal carries pleasure boats rather than freight, and hop growing passed to the Pacific Northwest. Since the 1970s Utica has become one of America's most active refugee-resettlement cities, with Bosnian, Burmese and Somali Bantu communities halting the decline, and the vast Utica State Hospital that Collier's called the "State Insane Asylum" has stood largely empty since its main building closed to patients.
Written for this edition, 2026.