Washington
Washington names 12 different subjects across the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. Each is set out below. 2 of them are described by more than one encyclopedia.
Washington a city, and the capital of the United States of America
Described by 2 of the 6 encyclopedias.
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
a city, and the capital of the United States of America; in the District of Columbia; at the confluence of the Potomac and the Anacostia, or East Branch, rivers and on the Pennsylvania, the Baltimore and Ohio, the Southern, the Chesapeake and Ohio, and other railroads; 136 miles S. W. of Philadelphia; 226 S. W. of New York; 40 miles S. W. of Baltimore, and 185 miles W. of the Atlantic Ocean. The site of the city is an admirable one, surrounded by a circle of hills and comprising a rolling plain, with here and there irregular eminences which provide beautiful and advantageous positions for the various public buildings. The city was laid out expressly for the National Capital and on a scale indicating that it was expected to grow into vast metropolis; 69 square a area miles; pop. (1890) 230,392; (1900) 278,718; (1910) 331,069; (1920) 437,571. The main attractions of Washington are its governmental buildings. As the visitor emerges from the beautiful Union Station his attention is first directed to the United States Capitol, but a few blocks to the south. This massive range of buildings on Capitol Hill, including the Senate Chamber, House of Representatives, Supreme Court, Statuary Hall and the Dome Its cost, incovers nearly four acres. cluding the land, was about $16,000,000 and was seventy-four years in process of construction. The great cast iron dome, weighing 4,500 tons and costing $1,000,- 000, required eight years in its construction. The bronze statue of Armed Liberty, surmounting the Dome, is 19 feet 6 inches high and cost over $24,000. To the north, nearest Union Station, is the Senate wing of the Capitol. The Cyc 20 Senate Chamber is located in the center of this building. The cast iron ceiling, paneled with stained glass, bears the coat of arms of each State. A gallery surrounding the hall accommodates a thousand persons. Here are located the reporters, diplomatic corps, and Senators' families, private galleries. The Senators' desks are arranged in semi-circular rows, the Democrats sitting on the right and the Republicans on the left of the Vice-President, who presides. The President's room, that of the Vice- President, and the Marble room are opposite the corridor from the Senate Chamber. Adjoining the new Senate wing by a corridor is the old Senate Chamber, now used by the Supreme Court of the United States. To the south comes the great awe-inspiring Rotunda, 300 feet in circumference and over 280 feet in height, adorned with marvelous life-size paintings and beautiful statuary. Through another corridor, the old Hall of Representatives, now Statuary Hall, presents itself. In this Hall each State may contribute bronze or marble statues of two of her most illustrious soldiers or statesmen. The south wing of the Capitol, adjoining Statuary Hall, is entirely occupied by the House of Representatives, the luxurious Speaker's room, and many committee rooms. Its general arrangement corresponds quite closely to the Senate Chamber, but is of larger proportions, the galleries accommodating 2,000 people. To the southeast of the House of Congress, about one block, is the beautiful new office building for Representatives. In a corresponding position, to the northeast of the Senate, and connected with it by a subway, is an office building of like design for Senators. The best example of exclusive American art in Washington is the Library of Congress, situated just east of the Capitol. Built primarily for Congressmen, this great storehouse of valuable books and works of art is used more freely by the people than any library in the world. Its interior is the most inspiring and marvelous combination of gold, silver, rare marbles and mosaic on such a gigantic scale to be found in America. The Treasury building, just east of the White House, is in every way the most substantially built government building. It is 450 feet long, 250 feet wide and was completed in 1867, at a cost of $7,000,000. When built it was thought ample for all times, but even to-day it will hardly accommodate one-half of the Treasury employes. From a small be-1 Vol. X Congress appointed two Joint-Treasurers of the United Colonies, each at a salary the first year of $500, has grown this present wonderful financial organization, the solidity of which sustains our preeminence as the greatest world power. An important adjunct to, and under the direction of, the Treasury, is the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. The new building, just completed, is the finest workshop in the world. The great care exercised in preventing counterfeiting and theft is a long story in itself. Over $1,000,000 of paper money is turned out every working day from this establishment. The Patent Office, a very important branch under the Interior Department, is one of the oldest government buildings in Washington. Its Doric architecture gives it a strong, yet simple appearance. Since the days of Thomas Jefferson, when he conducted the duties of State and also Patent Examiner, this very important department has grown to over 1,000 employes and more than 500 patents are granted each week. The Patent Office is the only self-supporting bureau of the Government. The Pension Office is reputed to be the largest brick building under one roof. A distinctive feature which encircles the building is the terra-cotta frieze over the first story window, portraying a spirited procession of soldiers, infantry, cavalry and artillery. Its interior consists of an immense court broken by two rows of columns which support the great roof. Galleries lead from the court to numerous offices. The Grand Inaugural Ball for years was held in this building where fully 18,000 people have assembled. The Municipal building, constructed of Vermont white marble at a cost of $2,- 000,000, is an excellent example of the present-day tendency to produce public buildings of the greatest beauty. It contains the offices of the District Commissioners and all municipal departments except the courts. Washingtonians have no vote, therefore the three Commissioners are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. The new City Post Office adjoining Union Station is the most recent addition to Washington's beautiful buildings. Of Woodbury granite, its construction cost totals about $3,000,000. It is the most modern Post Office in the world. Another distinctive Washington building is the new railway terminal, Union Station. It affords the most fitting and dignified entrance to the National Capital. The terminal improvements and ginning in 1776, when the Continental construction of building cost nearly $20,000,000. The railroads from the South enter the station through the twin tunnels running through Capitol Hill. The Pan-American building is considered by many the most beautiful in America. Its wonderful glass-covered court, 60 feet square, the sunken gardens, beautiful statuary and artistic grounds are the admiration of everyone. The building is conducted by the twentyone Republics of North, South and Central America for the development of Pan-American commerce and friendship. Its construction cost was $1,000,000, onefourth being paid by the American Republics and three-fourths by Mr. Andrew Carnegie. Memorial Continental Hall, erected by the National Society Daughters of the American Revolution, is an exquisite example of Colonial architecture. The beautiful south portico is unique by reason of the thirteen solid marble columns, a gift from the States forming the original thirteen Colonies. Its beautiful Vermont white marble construction presents a most imposing appearance. The National Societies each year in April hold a convention in this Hall, over 2,000 delegates attending. The famous Corcoran Gallery of Art was founded and endowed by the late William W. Corcoran in 1869, a gift to the people. Below the elaborately carved cornice runs a frieze bearing the names of eleven famous sculptors and painters. Original marbles, bronzes, rare paintings by the most celebrated artists, and casts and replicas from the finest specimens of antique and modern sculpture, fill the rooms and line the corridors. On Tuesdays, Thursdays, Saturdays, Sundays and holidays, the admission is free; at other times 25 cents is charged. The Lincoln Memorial, in 1921 under construction in Potomac Park, at the axis of the Capitol and Washington Monument, is a stupendous undertaking. Its construction is of Colorado white Yule marble and is to cost $2,000,- 000. Its height will be 123 feet from the Park level, the length 204 feet and depth 134 feet. The central hall will be 60 feet high, 70 feet long and 60 feet wide and will contain a large statue of the martyred President. Two conspicuous landmarks seen upon the hills surrounding Washington are the Lee Mansion, at Arlington, Va., on the west, and the Soldiers' Home, to the north. Arlington, the former home of Gen. Robert E. Lee, was built by George Washington Parke Custis, grandson of Mar and Martha Washington and father of Mrs. Robert E. Lee, in 1802. After General Lee left to join the Confederate Army, the estate was used by the Federal Government for a camp, hospital ground, and later as a National Cemetery. ry. In one grave are 2,111 unknown soldiers who fell in the great civil conflict. The Fort Myer Reservation, adjoining Arlington Cemetery, contains much of interest. The Soldiers' Home, beautiful a stretch of rolling country, comprising 512 acres, consists of five dormitories with every modern convenience, a hospital, chapel, library, and various other buildings. Soldiers who have been honorably discharged after twenty years' service, or have become disabled, are eligible to the Home. The immense granite State, War and Navy building covers four and one-half acres and contains 500 rooms with two miles of marble corridors. It was completed in 1893 at a cost of $11,000,000. A beautiful new building on New York Avenue for the Navy and several others for the War Department are also occupied. The Department of State guards the original Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States in its fire-proof vaults. The sword of Washington, a staff belonging to Franklin, the original Great Seal of the United States, and many other relics are on exhibit. The War Department contains models of the Army uniforms at various periods of the service. At the several entrances to the Navy Department are numerous cannon and mortars captured in our several wars. The corridors contain many models of battleships and cruisers. At the Navy Yard on the Eastern Branch, a tributary of the Potomac river, is located the Barracks, the home of the famous United States Marine Band. The origin of the Smithsonian Institution was as strange as it has been beneficial. The donor, an Englishman with the assumed name of Smithson, bequeathed his fortune of over $500,000 "for the establishment of an institution in Washington for the diffusion of knowledge among men." Congress granted fifty acres in 1846 on which the buildings were to be erected. Under the skillful direction of its first secretary, Joseph Henry, the institution was established on a very wise and solid basis. The new and old National Museums and the Zoological Park come under its jurisdiction. The Zoological Park, located in Rock Creek Valley, comprises 167 acres of picturesque country. It contains about 1,400 animals from all parts of the world. It is open until 6 p. m. every day. The new National Museum, located on the Smithsonian grounds, is one of the leading attractions of the Capital. Its many million specimens of curios, relics, minerals, mounted animals and birds would take years to study carefully. The greatest business organization of the United States is the Post Office Department. Now more business is transacted each day than was handled in a year a century ago. Since this building was completed in 1899 until 1914, when removed to its new location, the Washington City Post Office occupied the first floor. The advent of the Parcel Post now taxes this immense nine story building to its capacity. The Dead Letter Office at the National Museum offers much of interest. There were in 1919 14 National banks, with a capital of $7,427,000; an outstanding circulation of $5,715,000; a surplus of $5,368,000; and United States bonds valued at $20,415,000. The total exchanges at the clearing house for the year ending Sept. 30, 1919, amounted to $791,804,000, an increase of $120,- 858,000 over the preceding year. The assessed property value of real estate in 1919 was $414,610,691, and of personal property $37,092,897. The tax rate was $15 per thousand. The net public debt of the city was $3,823,869. There were enrolled in the public schols 60,284 pupils, with 1,831 teachers. The annual cost of maintaining public schools is about $3,000,000 annually. There were in 1919 638 miles of street, of which 515 are paved. The total miles of sewer were 730. There were in 1914 268 manufacturing establishments owned by individuals and 153 by corporations. The total value of the manufactured product was about $30,000,000. History. In 1663, Francis Pope, an Englishman, purchased the original site of Washington from the Indians, and named it Rome. The hill on which the Capitol now stands he called Capitoline Hill, and the Anacostia or East Branch river the Tiber. In 1789-1790, several States made efforts to secure the seat of government. A tract of land, 10 miles square was offered by by Maryland and Virginia, and was accepted as a compromise in 1790, with the understanding that Philadelphia should be made the capital till 1800, when it was expected the new city would be ready for occupation. The site was first named the Territory of Columbia, but was afterward changed to the Federal District of Columbia. On March 30, 1791, an act was passed to fix the boundaries of the city and to locate the public squares and buildings. Washington himself determined these points, which were then laid out by Andrew Ellicott. On April 15, 1793, the corner stone of the Capitol was laid. It appears to have been the wish of President Washington that the city should be named the "Federal City," but the present name was adopted in his honor, Sept. 9, 1791. The city was incorporated May 3, 1802. The English captured it Aug. 24, 1814, and burned the Capitol and other public buildings. In 1871 the municipal government of the city was abolished, Georgetown was consolidated with it and a territorial government established for the District of Columbia. But in 1874 Congress changed the government and placed it under control of three commissioners, abolishing the suffrage. In 1878 the government by commissioners was made permanent in the act of June 11, 1878, termed by the United States Supreme Court, the "Constitution of the United States." The city of Washington has had no government of its own. During the Civil War Washington was the scene of great military operations. It was fortified by a cordon of 68 massive earthworks or forts shortly after the beginning of the war. These works extended over a perimeter of 14 miles.
Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)
the capital city of the United States . It is situated on the left bank of the Potomac. The wharves of the city are washed by tide water and are about 100 miles from Chesapeake Bay . For the origin and government of the city, the reader is referred to the article on the DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA . The city was named, of course, for George Washington. He spoke of it modestly as the "Federal City." The plan of the city is peculiar. First of all, thoroughfares, known as streets, were laid out on north and south and east and west lines, dividing the city into blocks, checkerboard fashion. To render it easy to reach any part of the city, without the loss of time required to travel at right angles, twenty-three diagonal thoroughfares, known as avenues, were laid out. Their intersections form points from which streets and avenues radiate like the spokes of a wheel. Thus large focal squares, like those occupied by the Capitol and the White House, may be approached by a score of streets and avenues. Many blocks are parallelograms; others are split by diagonals into triangles; others have lost a corner, or have but a corner left. The streets running east and west are lettered; those running north and south are numbered. The avenues are named, usually, for the states. The narrowest street is sixty feet wide. Pennsylvania Avenue, leading from the Capitol to the White House, is 160 feet wide. It is one of the great streets of the world. In early days the Portuguese minister dubbed Washington "The City of Magnificent Distances." The city is well paved, chiefly with noiseless asphalt, and is kept scrupulously clean. Innumerable little corners and parks are beautified by shrubbery and flowers and embellished by bronze statues of distinguished Americans. The grounds of the Soldiers' Home, the National Zoological Garden, the United States Naval Observatory, and especially the White House grounds and the Mall, the latter a tract half a mile wide and extending from the Capitol to the Potomac, are simply delightful in their effect. The roar of wholesale traffic is absent. Public buildings give an air of stateliness. The streets have a gay, holiday appearance. The atmosphere of the city is distinctly American, but the general impression is not unlike that produced by a European capital. Next to the Capitol in interest is the White House; the residence of the president. The architect was an Irishman. It is understood that the building is modeled after the palace of the Duke of Leinster, near Dublin. It is a stone building 170 feet long and 86 feet deep. It is two stories high. The White House is painted white. It has an Ionic portico on the north front. The original building, begun in 1792 and occupied by John Adams in 1800, was burned by the British in 1814. Four years later the present building was erected. The lower floor is devoted largely to reception rooms. The Blue Room is used for the reception of diplomats; the East Room for the public; the Red Room, with hangings of Pompeian red, is used by the ladies of the family for the reception of callers and for social gatherings. The state dining room, with 1,500 pieces of exquisitely decorated china and table services of silver and cut glass, and the conservatory are on this floor. The president and his family live upstairs. In 1903 a wing was built for office quarters in which the president and his secretaries do their work and may be seen like other business men. The reception rooms are adorned with portraits of the presidents and members of their families. They are open usually to the public. Some presidents used the name Executive Mansion, but President Roosevelt prefered the old name of White House. The Agricultural Department is a branch of the government service. It has a notable herbarium. The museums have an interesting display of agricultural products illustrating the growth and industrial use of silk, cotton, wool, flax, etc. Silk, for instance, may be seen in all stages of development from the worm to a piece of silk dress goods. The experimental grounds contain many interesting plants. The Botanical Garden contains rare plants from all parts of the world. The Library of Congress, completed in 1897 at a cost of $6,000,000, is an imposing building with gorgeous inside finish. There are paintings and statuary of merit, half overwhelmed by barbaric decorations in gilt and oppressive design. The Library has fifty miles of shelving and about 1,000,000 volumes. The ultimate capacity is 4,500,000 volumes. Telephones and pneumatic tubes enable the attendant to call for a book in the remotest part of the building and have it on his desk in a few minutes. Books are returned to the stack rooms in the same way. An underground tunnel and an automatic tray carrier enable members of Congress to obtain books for use in the Capitol in a very short time. Books may be consulted freely by the public but may not be borrowed. The tour of the Treasury Building may be made on any business day. It is a stately pile of sandstone and granite just across the street from the White House. It ranks next to the Capitol in architectural importance. A lofty colonnade of thirty-eight Doric columns marks the front entrance. American and Italian marble have been used lavishly for interior finish. The cash room, or cashier's office, is the first department to attract attention. It resembles a large bank which, in fact, it is, the national banking room. A gallery enables visitors to look down on piles of gold, silver, and currency which assistants are busily paying out on orders presented at the wickets. A visitor desiring the honor of doing business with the government may step up to the proper window, present a greenback or other government note for redemption, and receive the gold or silver it calls for. Currency, postage stamps, and revenue stamps are printed in a separate building. A million dollars' worth of new bills is brought to the treasury daily in a steel wagon attended by armed guards. The notes are counted by expert women and done up in packages for issuance. In a special department, known as the redemption division, old notes are received and exchanged for new. A force of experts is engaged in piecing together bills nibbled by mice, worn and torn currency, bills damaged by fires, chewed by insects, and the like. Old currency is destroyed in a huge steel receptacle called a macerater. It contains water and closely set knives that grind the contents into a fine pulp. Each day at one o'clock four officials, each one with a key, all four keys being required to open the macerater, throw in, it may be and usually is, a million dollars of old paper money , relock and start the mill. It can hold a ton of pulp. June 27, 1894, 151,000,000 dollars' worth of old currency and bonds was destroyed. The exhibit of old coins and of counterfeit notes is interesting. Visitors are shown the entrances to the vaults where 100,000,000 silver dollars and as much gold are guarded night and day. In fact, $800,000,000 is not an unusual sum to have on hand. There are sixty-eight regular watchmen. Arms are at hand to equip 1,000 men. The police department and the army are in close communication. An electric alarm would bring a relief force in a few minutes. The State, War, and Navy Department is a four storied granite building, possibly the largest office building in the world. There are two miles of marble hallways. The stairways are of granite and bronze, calculated to render the building fireproof. The loss of the records and archives deposited here would be a calamity to civilization. There are priceless historical relics. The original laws of the United States, the crabtree staff of Franklin, the sword of Washington, the desk of Jefferson, the Great Seal of the United States, the Declaration of Independence, national treaties, the proclamations of the presidents, and many an old flag are kept here. The Patent Office contains half a million models of inventions. Many of historic interest have been transferred to the National Museum. The Pension Bureau, the Dead Letter Office, the Postoffice, the Navy Yard where cannon are built, the Corcoran Gallery of Art, and the Washington Monument, all are of interest. There were in 1900, 278,718 inhabitants. Of this number 75,572 were colored,--the largest negro community in the world. The population of Washington, according to the census of 1910, was 331,069. See Capitol ; Smithsonian Institution ; Pension ; Postoffice ; Patent ; Potomac ; Arlington; Mount Vernon
Washington GEORGE, an American statesman
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
GEORGE, an American statesman, military officer, and 1st President of the United States; born of English stock in Westmoreland co., Va., 22, 1732. His father died early, Feb. but his mother, Mary Ball, gave him an admirable training, which was continued later by his elder half-brother, Augustine. Of actual schooling he had little, save such as sufficed to make him a practical surveyor. He spelt badly, but was able to do accounts well; he wrote poor verses, but was careful to copy out 50 odd "rules of behavior"; he had as little of the true literary afflatus as any youth of genius could well have, but he tamed the wildest horses and dominated the most unruly of his schoolmates. In short, he was a young Virginian Cyrus, riding well, shooting well, and telling the truth. But if it was fortunate for his country that he escaped becoming an epic poet, it was equally fortunate that he gave up the idea of entering the English service as a midshipman on account of a dutiful regard for his mother's wishes. One can contemplate with pleasure the picture he presents as a 16-year-old explorer, surveying the lands of Lord Fairfax amid the wild passes of the Alleghenies. The youth who so bravely fronted all "moving accidents by flood and field," who gained a reputation for sobriety and prudence both with the savage tribes he was forced to encounter and the official circles of Williamsburg, was doing precisely the work best fitted to prepare him for the higher labors of his manhood. He rose rapidly, and in three years made was adjutant-general of militia in one of the border districts. But he was soon called away to accompany his invalid brother Lawrence on a voyage to the West Indies. This was destined to be his only experience of foreign travel; but he was by nature little capable of being tainted by provincialism. Returning to Virginia, he found his military charge renewed, and was given speedy opportunity for active service. He was dispatched by Governor Dinwiddie in the fall of 1753 on a mission to the French invaders of the Ohio region-a dangerous task, which others had declined, but which he accepted with alacrity. He braved the rigor of the season and the peril of the long and almost unknown way, and in about three months' time was back at Williamsburg with the French answer. Neither savages nor treacherous guides, nor ice-gorged rivers could prevail against so bold a heart or so keen an eye; nor could flattery at home undermine a nature so well balanced, a modesty so innate and pure. He was at once put in command of the temporary militia of the colony, and was subsequently made lieutenant-colonel of the augmented forces. His superior officer soon died, however, and he was left in full charge of the expedition to the Ohio. He acquitted himself admirably in the fight at Great Meadows, but was forced to capitulate shortly after, the result being honorable , and on the whole fortunate, considering the rashness of the enter- . prise The death of the French officer Jumonville in a preliminary skirmish led to a curious sort of reputation for the young colonial soldier, the future liberator of America being denounced as an assassin because of an absurd mistake by which the leader of a scouting party was converted into the bearer of a flag of truce. But while French censure could not hurt Washington, Dinwiddie's conduct with regard to the reorganization of the Virginian troops did; and after a manly remonstrance he resigned, showing in this matter, as well as in his subsequent refusal to submit to be outranked by officers holding royal commissions, that perfectly poised dignity of character for which he is probably more noted than any other great man in history. When Braddock, however, offered Washington a post as aide-de-camp which he could accept with honor, he was glad enough to march against foe and to tender advice which no man the in America was better fitted to give and no commanding by. The prudence of Washington as a officer less likely to profit counselor , as well as his intrepid duct at Fort Duquesne, taught all disconcerning observers that he had in him the stuff of which not only good border soldiers but also great generals are made; and one of these observers, the eloquent preacher, Samuel Davies, was wise enough to predict that "that heroic youth, Colonel Washington," would one day render his country some distinguished service. For a time his services were chiefly directed toward securing the safety of the Virginia borders, and he found leisure to make a visit to Boston on military business, as well as to fall in love. His marriage with the widow Custis, took place in January, 1759, and , Martha those who are wont to accuse Washington of lacking sentiment may be advised study to carefully all that can be learned about the romantic affair. Military life seemed over for him, and he settled down as a gentleman farmer, serving his colony in the House of Burgesses, where he was formally thanked for his exertions in the public behalf, but was too modest to be able to reply; looking after terests of his parishes in the local vesthe intries , dispensing hospitality in true Virginian style , and superintending his estates in a thrifty fashion peculiar peculiarly his own; and last, but not least, keeping up his spirits and his health by frequent indulgence in the manly sport of fox hunting . At the age of 30 he was plainly the greatest soldier in the colonies, the man to whom all eyes would turn should any public danger impend; and if no danger came, he would nevertheless be one of the wealthiest and most prominent citizens of the "Ancient Dominion." He had thus little to wish for except children. But if children did not come , his wife was destined to be filled with a higher love and more absorbing He cares. was to be the Father of his Country. From his seat at Mount Ver- , non which he had been progressive enough to link with the rest of the world a by private wharf, he watched the clouds gathering in the political heavens, and he showed a statesmanly prescience in being almost the first American to perceive that a complete break with England was necessary to the peace and prosperity of the colonies. He was no revolutionist, but neither was he afraid to trust the conclusions of his own mind; and if he was no orator, he was at least not the man to mince his words. Cæsar himself did not more thoroughly see the necessity for one-man rule at Rome than Washington saw the necessity for public independence in America. He declared at Williamsburg, in 1774, that he was ready to raise 1,000 men, support them at his own expense, and march them to the relief of Boston. A few weeks later he rode on horseback with Patrick Henry and Edmund Pendleton to attend the 1st Continental Congress in Philadelphia. He was, by the confession of Henry himself, easily the greatest man among the delegates. The 2d Congress saw him again in attendance, and ready to give his life for his country. But though he could brave death he could not face praise, and he left the chamber when John Adams nominated him to Commander-in-Chief of the Continental forces. The next day he accepted the post, while protesting his own unworthiness and refusing to accept any pay beyond a reimbursement of his expenses. No Roman of old ever came forward to save the State with purer intentions or with more favorable auguries of success. Though to weaker spirits the prospect was appalling, strong men drew happy omens, not from the flight of birds and the entrails of victims, but from the justice of the common cause and the character of Washington. Nor did they mistake, nor do we now mistake, when we assign the success of the Revolution to these two causes. As one traces the weary years that elapsed between his taking command (July 3, 1775) and his laying down his office (Dec. 23, 1783), it is perceived clearly that under Providence the issue of the mighty struggle depended on him. Had he lost heart at the supineness and bickerings of the people at large, had he grown weary of correcting the blunders of incapable subordinates, had he disdained to control a fatuous Congress, or to put down a wretched cabal among his own officers, had his nerves given way at the sight of the sufferings at Valley Forge, had his spirit wavered at frequent defeat-in short, had he been anything but the noble patriot and great commander that he was, the course of history might have been changed, and the United States might have died in its birth and forever, or come into existence again years later and under far different auspices. But he was Washington-the noblest figure that any people has ever set in the forefront of its life and his tory. While he lived and fought on with his ragged troops, the Union was maintained in spite of all State squabbles; while he was in command, any alliance made with France must be one which America could accept with dignity; while his brave heart beat, repulse meant only fresh resolve, and hardship and suffering only more splendid rewards of triumph. It is idle to deny that he was the soul of the Revolution, and it is equally idle to ask whether or not he was a great general. Whether he was, technically speaking, a master of the art of war, students of that art may decide; though it is as well to remind them that Frederick the Great praised his Trenton campaign as a masterpiece of strategy. But that he is worthy to rank with the supreme commanders of history, no man of sound judgment and capable imagination will deny. Not that he always won his battles, or won them in the most approved way; not that he flamed like a comet in the heavens, threatening desolation to the nations; not that he moved across the world's sta stage like a Karl or a Timor. His career does not enthrall us as does that of Alexander; it has not such tragic elements of inspiration and pathos as has that of Hannibal; it does not leave us breathless with admiration as does that of Cæsar; it does not exalt us and horrify us as does that of Napoleon. But it does give us that supreme sense of satisfaction which flows from the perception of harmony and proportion; it does thrill us with the intense and elevated joy which must ever follow the spectacle of great powers consciously working for the successful accomplishment of divine justice; it does fascinate us by means of those elements of sublimity and pathos that are never absent from the contemplation of a lonely but serene elevation above the common tide of humanity. Nor are concrete evidences of his greatness as a soldier lacking. We remember the Berserker rashness and daring displayed at Fort Duquesne and at Monmouth, and we recall William the Conqueror at Hastings. We watch him at the crossing of the Delaware and at Valley Forge, and we recall Hannibal on the Alps. We observe him turning a ragged body of suspicious New Englanders into trained soldiers ready to die for him, and we recall no less a man than Cæsar. We see him put down the Conway cabal and reduce Congress to his bidding, and we recall Marlborough. We see him quell Lee with his fiery eye and biting words, and we somehow recall Cromwell. We watch him in his tent, brooding over the treason of Arnold and weighing the claims of mercy and justice in the case of André, and we recall only his own im imperial self. Yes, Washington the general is a supremely great man, and those who deny the fact do so because they have not been able to survey his career from the proper point of view. It is hardly an exaggeration to say that to the trained student his greatness is even implicit in his proclamations to his soldiers from first to last. He was no master of style, but certainly for directness and vigor of phrase, for patriotic purpose , for clear-sighted content, his circular letter to the governors of all the States (June 8, 1783) is unsurpassed among the political documents of the world. His entire correspondence from the time he retired from command of the army till he re-entered the service of his country as its first President, is a monument to his modesty, his magnanimity, his prudence, and his wisdom. Frederick the Great himself, resting from war that he might restore order and peace to the people, is no grander figure than this victorious American general , watching from Mount Vernon the fortunes of his country, and lending the weight of his counsel and his example to the sacred cause of union. He served this cause still further by presiding over the convention in 1787, and 1789 he entered on the presidency of the nation, assuming a new rôle for which he was admirably fitted and in which he was destined to achieve magnificent success. To many persons Washington the statesman is harder to realize than Washington the general. This is probably a result of political partisanship. Men look back to those two great founders of parties, Jefferson and Hamilton, and forget the chief who dominated and controlled them. Washington really made Hamilton and he always used Jefferson when he needed him; it was thus perhaps in accordance with weak human nature that Hamilton should have been ungrateful to his memory, while Jefferson was impelled to pay him a tribute-noble in spite of its jealous touches. No fact in in history is more clearly established than that Washington was the chief figure in his own administrations. He came to the chair of State with the best equipment possible, and he would have left it vacant forever had it been requisite to fill it with a successor who should be his equal . He had not the analytic mind of Hamilton nor the philosophic grasp of Jefferson, but his training for the duties of a statesman had been superior to theirs. He came of a race used to act and to command. From an early age he had to rely on himself, and so he attained to that self-discipline which is indispensable to a political leader. Circumstances determined that he should learn the lessons of life from men rather than from books; thus he stood in no danger of becoming a doctrinaire. His early experiences as a surveyor, a backwoodsman , and a soldier gave him a true sympathy with democracy, and hence enabled him to understand the only rational principle on which a stable government could be founded in Amerand his position as a planter aristocrat, ica; while his good birth and training, put him in touch with that English past from which it would have been impossible for the new nation to break entirely. Add to all this the fact that his nature manly, and that he had not a conspicuous was essentially straightforward and weakness, that his mind was clear and flexible, and if not quick, certainly not slow, and we surely have as well-equipped furnish. a statesman as the world's history can figures of the period, even the greatest, Compared with him, how the other shrink and diminish! The spiritual dignity of his altruism sits not on Franklin; his breadth and catholic charity of judgment belong neither to Hamilton nor to Jefferson: and who would think of comparing with him the Madisons, the Jays, the Morrises, the Ameses, the Wilsons of the time, able and patriotic men though they all were. Dignity , steadfastness, uprightness, serenity , benignity, wisdomthese are the characteristics of Washington's statesmanship, whether we regard insolence of revolutionary France, or his ard his firm policy of resistance to the refusal to plunge his country into a second war with England, or his cordial acceptance of the financial measures of Hamilton, or his steady accentuation of to reconcile his cabinet, or his strong the national principle , or his noble efforts but humane policy toward the Indians, Rebellion, or finally or his prompt crushing of the Whisky views on the subjects of slavery and national education, and his prophetic comprehension of the importance of the West. A perfect equipoise of powers, which taken separately would not be supreme, appears to be the characteristic mark of his rare variety of genius, which among men of action is illustrated in Alfred the Great, and among men of letters in Sophocles. It is to this class that Washington belongs to the class of men whose balance of faculties is so serenely perfect as to constitute genius of perhaps the highest order. What shall we say of such a man , save that he that he was veritably the Father of his was as great in peace as he was in war; Country? his progressive Washington became Commander-in- Chief of the American army on June 15, 1775, and for several years his history was that of the Revolutionary War, elsewhere recorded. Suffice it here to say that he created the American army; fought the English generals, Howe, Clinton, Burgoyne, and Cornwallis, with various results; till, finally, he surrounded Cornwallis at Yorktown, and compelled him to capitulate. To his intrepidity, prudence, and moderation the United States is almost wholly indebted for the independence which was secured to it by the treaty of peace concluded in 1783. Soone after this event Washington resigned his commission to Congress, and in his address on that occasion the magnanimity of the hero was blended with the wisdom of the philosopher. He returned to his seat at Mount Vernon and, like Cincinnatus of old, he returned to his former and favorite pursuit of agriculture. The federation of the States having failed to afford an efficient government, Washington proposed conventions for commercial purposes, which led to the Convention of 1787, of which he member, which founded the was a present Federal Constitution, considered by him as the only security against anarchy and civil war. Under this Constitution he was chosen President, and inaugurated in New York, April 30, 1789. His government was marked by that well-tempered prudence which distinguished all his conduct. Having been re-elected as president, he held office till 1797, when he again retired to his estate at Mount Vernon. In 1797, when there arose a difficulty with France, threatening hostilities, he was appointed Lieutenant-General and Commander-in-Chief, a post which he accepted with extreme reluctance, but with that spirit of obedience to the call of duty which has been the governing rule of his life. On Dec. 12, 1799, he was exposed in the saddle, for several hours, to cold and snow, and attacked with acute laryngitis, for which he was repeatedly and largely bled, but sank rapidly, and died, Dec. 14. Washington was childless, but most happy in his domestic relations. He was mourned even by his enemies and deserved the record: "First in peace, first in war, and first in the hearts of his countrymen." The following estimate of the character and intellect of the great American patriot is from President Jefferson: "His mind was great and powerful, without being of the very first order; his penetration strong, though not so acute as that of a Newton, Bacon, or Locke; and, as far as he saw, no judgment was ever sounder. It was slow in operation, being little aided by invention or imagination, but sure in conclusion. Hence the common remark of his officers of the advantages he derived from councils of war, where, hearing all suggestions, he selected whatever was best; and certainly no general ever planned his battles more judiciously; but, if deranged during the course of action, if any member of his plan was disarranged by sudden circumstances, he was slow in readjustment. The consequence was that he often failed in the field, but rarely against an enemy in station, as at Boston and York. He was incapable of fear, meeting personal danger with the calmest concern. Perhaps the strongest feature in his character was prudence, never acting until every circumstance, every consideration, was maturely weighed; refraining, if he saw a doubt; but, when once decided, going through with his purpose, whatever obstacles opposed. His integrity was the most pure, his justice the most inflexible, I have ever known; no motives of interest or consanguinity, of friendship friendship or hatred, being able to bias his decision. He was, indeed, in every sense of the word, a wise, a good, and a great man. His temper was naturally irritable and hightoned; but reflection and resolution had obtained a firm and habitual ascendency over it * * * * His person was fine, his stature exactly what one could wish. Though in the circle of his friends, where he might be unreserved with safety, he took a free share in conversation, his colloquial talents were not above mediocrity, possessing neither copiousness of ideas nor fluency of words. In public, when called on for a sudden pinion, he was unready, short, and embarrassed. Yet he wrote readily, rather diffusely, in an easy and correct style. He read little, and that only on subjects of agriculture and English history."
Washington a state of the American Union
Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)
a state of the American Union. It occupies the extreme northwest, between Oregon and British Columbia . It is bounded on the east by Idaho. The Pacific ramifications of Puget Sound afford unsurpassed water frontage. Area, including fresh water, 69,180 square miles. The Cascade Mountains running north and south divide the state into eastern and western Washington. EASTERN WASHINGTON. The eastern section is the larger. It includes the vast plains of the Columbia and local mountain ranges. There are districts requiring irrigation and districts certain of a bountiful wheat crop. The annual rainfall east of the Cascades varies from six to twenty-five inches according to locality. The highest temperature on record is 108 degree, the lowest 22 degree below zero. The winters are short, the summers hot with cool, restful nights always. The atmosphere is clear and bracing. The soil is basaltic, fine as flour, free from grit. There are extensive stock ranges. Wheat is the chief crop. The harvest season is rainless. Instead of storing wheat in elevators it is piled up at the stations in sacks to await shipment. The irrigated lands produce fabulous crops of alfalfa and fruits--apples, peaches, plums, grapes, strawberries, blackberries, raspberries--and all sorts of vegetables. Hops are raised extensively on both sides of the Cascades. Statistics compiled by F. A. Huntley, commissioner of horticulture, show the following shipments of nursery stock into Washington during 1908: Apple trees, 1,049,117; pear trees, 186,915; peach trees, 301,523; cherry trees, 165,721; plum and prune trees, 63,240; miscellaneous, 37,156; total, 1,803,672. WESTERN WASHINGTON is under the influence of vapor-laden breezes from the Pacific. The annual rainfall is from twenty to ninety inches according to locality. There are but two seasons, summer and winter. The former is cool, too cool for melons or corn to ripen. The winters are mild and foggy. An abundance of moisture produces an abundant growth of grasses. Dairying is an important industry. There are well on toward half a thousand creameries in the state. Certain localities are famous for wheat, hops, fruit, and vegetables. Hogs and cattle thrive, but the great industry of the western slope is lumbering. FORESTS. There are extensive forests of fir, pine, cedar, hemlock, spruce, and larch, containing, it is estimated 200,000,000,000 feet of salable lumber. Travelers riding for hours through these silent forests learn to appreciate the nickname of "Evergreen State." The lumber camps and mills give employment to 30,000 men. The annual pay roll is not far from $20,000,000. At the present rate of destruction the forests may be expected to last from ninety to one hundred years. The fir in particular grows tall and straight. It is in demand for railroad trestles, beams, and dimension stuff generally. Large shipments are made east-ward even into the white pine region of the Great Lakes and upper Mississippi Valley. Washington fir is in high repute also among shipbuilders. MINERALS. Extensive measures of soft coal and lignite have been located. Large shipments are made to Pacific points. Iron, copper, and lead ores give promise of future development. Mines have been opened north of Spokane. It is believed that the Cascades contain numerous rich veins. FISHERIES. The salmon fisheries of the state are perhaps the most noted in the world. There are over forty canneries. Counting oysters, clams, shrimps, and fish, the annual catch is valued at from $6,000,000 to $10,000,000 a year. INDUSTRIES. The chief business centers of the west are Everett, Seattle, and Tacoma, all on Puget Sound. The last two are keen rivals. Grays Harbor and Willapa Bay are the chief anchorages on the Pacific. The chief manufacturing industries are sawmills, flour mills, shipyards, breweries, canneries, and creameries. There are also paper mills and clay works. Port Blakely claims the largest sawmill in the world. There are numerous falls affording almost unlimited waterpower for future factories. There are nearly 3,500 miles of railway. The Northern Pacific and the Great Northern are the leading systems. The exports, chiefly lumber, grain, and fish, are estimated at $75,000,000 a year. THE SCENIC FEATURES of the state are a strong attraction. One entire county, San Juan, consists of islands. There are over twenty of them situated in a group to the north of Puget Sound proper. The Cascades rise to a general height of 8,000 feet. Mount Rainier, or Tacoma in the Indian tongue, lifts his snow-capped head to an altitude of 14,526 feet. Other peaks are almost as high. Deer, elk, black bears, panthers, wildcats, and mountain goats are still hunted. Grouse, quails, ducks, teals, and snipes are numerous in localities. HISTORICAL. So far as known, Puget Sound was visited by white men for the first time in 1592 by a navigator from Mexico. Explorations were made by Captain Gray in 1792, by Vancouver in the same year, by Lewis and Clark in 1805-6, by Dr. Whitman in 1836, and by Fremont in 1843. The forty-ninth parallel was agreed upon as the northern boundary in 1846. In 1853 that part of Oregon lying north of the Columbia River and the forty-sixth parallel was set off as the Territory of Washington. The state became a member of the Union November 11, 1889. The capital is Olympia. There are thirty-six counties. State officers are elected for a period of four years. EDUCATION, ETC. The public school system is well under way . A state university has been established at Seattle, an agricultural school at Pullman, and normal schools at Cheney, Ellensburg, and Bellingham. There are numerous denominational colleges and academies. The population in 1900 was 518,103. The next census will show over 1,000,000 inhabitants. There are about 10,019 Indians living on twelve reservations. Chinese and Japanese are employed, chiefly in domestic occupations. STATISTICS. The following statistics are the latest to be had from trustworthy sources: Land area, square miles 66,880 Population (1907) 1,159,000 Seattle (1907) 240,000 Tacoma 90,000 Spokane 90,000 Bellingham (1906) 30,000 Everett (1906) 25,000 No. counties 38 Members of state senate 42 Representatives 95 Salary of governor $4,000 U. S. representatives 3 Presidential electors 5 Assessed valuation of property $530,000,000 Bonded indebtedness $1,240,000 State revenue $5,000,000 Acres of irrigated land (1910) 330,000 Agricultural Products-- Corn, bushels 332,000 Wheat, bushels 35,095,000 Oats, bushels 10,545,000 Potatoes, bushels 4,500,000 Barley, bushels 5,185,000 Wool, pounds 4,080,000 Domestic Animals-- Horses 311,000 Mules 4,000 Milk cows 184,000 Other cattle 389,000 Sheep 824,000 Swine 182,000 Orchards, acres 86,000 Exports $43,000,000 Imports $25,000,000 Manufacturing establishments (1905) 2,751 Capital invested $97,000,000 Operatives 45,199 Raw material $66,000,000 Output of manufactures $128,000,000 Flour output, barrels 3,024,000 Lumber products $50,000,000 Fish canning $3,187,000 Oyster beds, acres 86,000 Coal mined, tons 3,680,000 Gold output $262,000 Silver output $55,000 Clay products $922,000 Quarry products $920,000 Timber area, square miles 34,000 Timber standing, feet 200,000,000,000 Timber cut, feet (1907) 5,414,000,000 Miles of navigable rivers 600 Miles of railway 3,500 Teachers in public schools 6,209 Pupils enrolled 188,989 Percentage of male teachers 20.2 Average monthly salary of teachers $58.98 Average annual expenditure per pupil $42.09 See Seattle ; Tacoma ; Spokane
Washington Booker Taliaferro
Described by 2 of the 6 encyclopedias.
Aiton's Encyclopedia (1910)
Booker Taliaferro, an American educator. His mother was a negro slave. As nearly as may be known, he was born in 1858 near Hale Ford, Virginia. When a small lad his mother moved to Malden, West Virginia , where he found work in a salt furnace and in a coal mine. He attended a night school. Having heard of the school at Hampton for negroes he made his way thither in 1872, living on charity and sleeping under sidewalks as he went. The instructors of that institution soon recognized in him a lad of unusual promise and ability. When he reached Hampton the authorities had no room for him, yet hadn't the heart to turn the honest, pleading chap away. He had no means of support. They had practically no money. However they managed to crowd him in in some way. He was given a schoolroom to clean. He swept and dusted so thoroughly that his teacher saw at once that there was something unusual in the fellow. After remaining at Hampton two or three years, earning his way by working in the fields and otherwise, he returned to Malden to his mother's family and opened a school for colored children. In 1879 he was recalled to the institute at Hampton as an instructor. In 1881, on the receipt of an application for a school from the colored citizens of Tuskegee, Alabama, Washington was sent to do what he could. The state had made a grant of $2,000 a year. A grant of wild land was the only visible sign of an institution. Washington fell to work with energy, rallied students around him, cut down timber, built cabins, opened up fields, and, by virtue of his own industry and genius, practically created a colored college in the midst of pine woods. When it is considered that not an ancestor of the students who came to his school had ever learned to read or write, and that he had practically no models on which to work, the Tuskegee School may be considered one of the most remarkable educational achievements on record. It is pleasant to add that of late sufficient funds have been provided to carry out the founder's ideas. Mr. Washington himself has proved to possess unusual power as an orator. He has traveled in many parts of the United States and in Europe lecturing on negro education and on educational problems in general. He has been received with respect and listened to with delight. He has written several books. The most noted is Up From Slavery, an autobiographical volume published in 1901. Booker T. Washington is thoroughly American in all his ideas and ambitions. He believes in giving the negro an industrial as well as an academic education. At the time of writing it is not unjust to say that Booker T. Washington is the most eminent negro in the world. See Tuskegee; Negro Views at Washington, D.C
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
BOOKER TALIA- FERRO, an American educator; born a slave in Hale's Ford, Va., about 1859. After the Civil War he removed with his mother to West Virginia, where he worked in the mines, attending school in the winter. In 1875 he was graduated with honors at the Hampton Institute, Va.; was a teacher there till in 1881, when he was elected by by the State authorities of Alabama principal of the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, which he organized and built up. He received the degree of A. M. from Harvard University in 1896; was a speaker on educational and racial subjects, and wrote: "Sowing and Reaping" (1900); "Up From Slavery" (1901); "The Negro in Business" (1907); "The Story of the Negro" (1909); "The Man Farthest Down" (1912). He died in 1915.
Washington MRS. WASHINGTON, AND HER CHILDREN AT MT
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
MRS. WASHINGTON, AND HER CHILDREN AT MT. VERNON. A REPRODUCTION OF Fno. Vol. 10-p. 308 Photo, Paul Thompson Photo, Paul Thompson MARTHA WASHINGTON, FROM THE PAINTING BY GEORGE WASHINGTON, FROM THE PAINTING BY Keystone View Co. WASHINGTON AT TRENTON. FROM THE PAINTING MADE BY TRUMBULL Keystone-Burton Holmes SULGRAVE MANOR, ANCESTRAL HOME OF THE WASHINGTON FAMILY car Smiths work, ofeknerge 18 ليه Donds, Interest of the darborne L000 Kongee Copt Denne 10 in partea 105 The Groove 200 Sos Valentine du thu Sundrys Keystone View Company PAGES OF THE CASH BOOK WASHINGTON KEPT IN HIS OWN HAND Keystone View Company THE CHAMBER OCCUPIED BY MARTHA WASHINGTON AFTER HER HUSBAND'S DEATH. THE WINDOW AFFORDED A VIEW OF HIS TOMB Contra. C. 2210.0 Williams ba 2.6. Theomaders at Prach Rot Adams (Cass 25.5.6. $20 2015.6 lection ispenses at Cleman 76, M M 10 76 Ren Porn 3 Mobres 10%. 13.. pada guide's gave 2015. 131 hand the wood 1415 Javeling Sancerry, Sorriages de ne smeney to 219271/8.7 Bevernich Mas. Wielichoburg Dry banr9.6 89 Marlborough in Maryland 1.6.2 Witteen tar de 18706160.10 beants in the fourney to Traderied cay Freist toyard. Frederick In May Cards real hundry time dotke benght of Jud Feynes god ~ 2019.127. Corn Chanlines 2066615 Exolatio: 22 Pre Funch o peber 49 29 Toster .... Ewing Galloway MOUNT VERNON, HOME OF GEORGE WASHINGTON Ewing Galloway TOMB OF GEORGE WASHINGTON AT MOUNT VERNON Keystone View Company THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT, SEEN BEYOND THE JAPANESE CHERRY TREES BESIDE THE POTOMAC
Washington a State in the Western Division of the North American Union
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
a State in the Western Division of the North American Union; bounded by British Columbia, Idaho, Oregon, Puget Sound, and the Pacific Ocean; admitted to the Union, Nov. 11, 1889; capital, Olympia; number of counties, 38; area, 69,127 square miles; pop. (1890) 349,390; (1900) 518,- 103; (1910) 1,141,990; (1920) 1,356,621. Topography. The surface of the State is exceedingly rugged, being traversed from N. to S. by the great range of the Cascade Mountains about 100 miles from the coast. The highest peaks, all extinct volcanoes, are Mount Rainier, 14,444 feet; Mount Baker, 10,827 feet; Mount St. Helena, 9,750 feet; and Mount Adams, 9,000 feet. Eastern Washington, lying between the Cascades and the Columbia river, includes the Yakima
Washington BUSHROD, an American jurist
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
BUSHROD, an American jurist; born in Westmoreland co., Va., in 1762; was nephew of George Washington, and became heir to his papers and library; was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates, and of the Virginia ratifying convention in 1788; associate justice of the United States Supreme Court in 1798-1829. He took great interest in the organization of the American Colonization Society, and was appointed its first president. He died in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1829. His nephew, AUGUSTINE WASHINGTON, came into possession of the Washington residence, at Mount Vernon, and died in 1832. He was the author of "Reports of the Court of Appeals of Virginia."
Washington borough and a county-seat of Washington co.
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
borough and a county-seat of Washington co., Pa.; on Chartiers creek, and on the Waynesboro and Washington, the Pennsylvania, the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis, and the Baltimore and Ohio railroads; 31 miles S. W. of Pittsburgh. It contains WASHINGTON AND JEFFERSON COLLEGE (q. v.), the Lemoyne Cremation plant, numerous churches, court house, public library, National and private banks, and several daily and weekly newspapers. It has carriage shops, broom factory, cigar factories, stove foundries, tanneries, woolen and flour mills, etc. Pop. (1910) 18,778; (1920) 21,480.
Washington TREATY OF, a treaty between Great Britain and the United States
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
TREATY OF, a treaty between Great Britain and the United States, signed May 8, 1871. Under its terms the "Alabama" claims, the San Juan boundaries, and certain fisheries disputes were settled by arbitration. WASHINGTON AND JEFFERSON COLLEGE, an educational institution in Washington, Pa.; founded in 1802, under the auspices of the Presbyterian Church; reported at the close of 1919: Professors and instructors, 18; students, 290. President, S. C. Black. LL. D. Keystone View Company
Washington a city of Indiana
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
a city of Indiana, the county-seat of Daviess co. It is on the Evansville and Indianapolis, and the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern railroads. Its industries include the manufacture of lumber, flour, plows, etc. It has the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern railroad shops. Pop. (1910) 7,854; (1920) 8,743.
Washington UNIVERSITY OF, a coeducational non-sectarian institution in Seattle
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
UNIVERSITY OF, a coeducational non-sectarian institution in Seattle, Wash.; founded in 1861; reported at the close of 1919: Professors and instructors, 210; students, 2,457; president, H. Suzzallo, Ph. D.
Washington FORT, a Revolutionary fortress on Manhattan Island (New York City)
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
FORT, a Revolutionary fortress on Manhattan Island (New York City), captured by the British in 1776.
What Has Changed in the Last Century
Collier's in 1921 gave the capital 437,571 people and put the Supreme Court in the old Senate Chamber next door to the Capitol rotunda; the Court moved into its own marble building across the street in 1935, and the city's population peaked near 800,000 in 1950 before settling around 690,000 today. The Lincoln Memorial, unfinished when this was written, was dedicated in 1922, and the Mall the account describes has since gained the Jefferson Memorial (1943), the Vietnam Veterans Memorial (1982) and the National Museum of African American History and Culture (2016). The residents Collier's never mentions gained presidential votes only with the 23rd Amendment in 1961 and an elected mayor and council under home rule in 1973; they still have no voting member of Congress. Of the dozen subjects gathered here the capital dominates, and the smaller Washingtons on the page have mostly stayed small.
Written for this edition, 2026.