Wilfrid
Wilfrid names 2 different subjects across the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. Each is set out below.
Wilfrid ST., Bishop of York
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
ST., Bishop of York; born in Northumbria in 634. He was brought up in the monastery of Lindisfarne, but at 18 visited Rome, returning in 658 a warm partisan of the Roman party in the controversy with the native Church on the shape of the tonsure and the time of keeping Easter. At the synod of Whitby (664) he contended against Bishop Colman, and succeeded in gaining over the king, who learning it was only St. Peter to whom the keys had been given, thought it most prudent to be on his side lest Peter should pay him out in General Grant, and the Confederates, his need by closing the gate on him. Already he had been given the monastery at Ripon, and now he was chosen Bishop of York, being consecrated at Compiègne. On his return he found that Chad had been elected Bishop of Northumbria; ; but Archishop Theodore restored Wilfrid. He improved the minster of York, built a splendid church at Hexham, some of the underground portions of which still remain, and raised a new minster at Ripon, the vault of which, called St. Wilfrid's Needle, still exists. Theodore, without consulting Wilfrid, divided Northumbria into the sees of Lindisfarne, Hexham, and Whitherne, in addition to York, and Wilfrid made his appeal to Rome. On the journey he was driven by a storm to the coast of Friesland, the inhabitants of which were still pagan. Such was the effect of his preaching that thousands were baptized, and that work of conversion begun which was to be completed by Boniface and Willibrod. Pope Agatho decided in his favor, but King Ecgfrid flung him into prison. He escaped to Sussex, was allowed to return by the new King Aldfrid in 686, keeping the sees of York and Ripon. But again he appealed to Rome against the measures of the new primate, Berthwald (704), and was finally, after a council held near Ripon, allowed to keep Ripon and Hexham, but not York. He died in Oundle, in Northamptonshire, in 709, and was buried in Ripon. WILHELMINA I., Queen of the Netherlands; born in The Hague, Aug. 31, 1880; was the daughter of King William III., of the Netherlands, by his second wife, the Princess Emma Adelaide Wilhelmina Theresa. Her mother was a sister of the Duchess of Albany, being daughter of Prince George Victor of Waldeck-Pyrmont. Queen Wilhelmina succeeded to the throne on the decease of her father, in November, 1890, but her mother acted as Queen-Regent till the young queen came of age, Aug. 31, 1898, and amid the enthusiasm of her people, was installed as sovereign. On Feb. 7, 1901, she married Duke Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. A daughter Juliana, was born in April 30, 1909.
Wilfrid ST. 1883 he was professor of chemistry at Purdue University
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
ST. 1883 he was professor of chemistry at Purdue University, and State chemist of Indiana. From 1883 to 1912, he was chief of the Division of Chemistry in the United States Department of Agriculture. By his rigid enforcement of pure food and drug laws, he aroused the antagonism of manufacturers of patent foods and drugs, and they brought charges against him. An investigation by Congress followed and he was completely exonerated. At the time of his employment by the Department of Agriculture, he was also professor of agriculture and chemistry at George Washington University. He He resigned fro from the Department of Agriculture to devote himself to pure food propoganda by public lectures, and as the editor of the magazine, "Good Housekeeping." He was president of the American Chemical Society in 1893, and also served as president and official in many other scientific and learned societies. He wrote many works relating to the chemistry of food. These include "Foods and Their Adulterations" (1911); "Not by Bread Alone" (1915); "Beverages and Their Adulterations" (1919); "Health Readers for Schools" (1919). He also wrote many Government bulletins on subjects relating to food.
What Has Changed in the Last Century
Collier's account of St Wilfrid in 1921 still stands in outline: the Synod of Whitby in 664, the quarrels with Theodore and the kings of Northumbria, the appeals to Rome, and the death at Oundle in 709 (some modern scholars prefer 710). What has shifted is how historians read the evidence — the near-contemporary Life by Stephen of Ripon is now treated as frankly partisan hagiography to be weighed against Bede, and Wilfrid himself is seen less as a saintly reformer than as a great aristocratic churchman with vast estates and a private following. The fabric survives as described: the crypts at Hexham and the vault at Ripon known as St Wilfrid's Needle are still there and have been studied archaeologically as among the oldest standing Anglo-Saxon stonework in England. The second entry on this page is garbled in the original printing; its text is that of the American food chemist Harvey W. Wiley, whose Bureau of Chemistry work led to the agency renamed the Food and Drug Administration in 1930, the year he died.
Written for this edition, 2026.