Young
Young names 10 different subjects across the 6 encyclopedias on this shelf. Each is set out below.
Young BRIGHAM, an American Mormon
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
BRIGHAM, an American Mormon; born in Whitingham, Vt., June 1, 1801. His father was a farmer, and he himself learned the trade of painter and glazier. Early in life he joined the Baptists, but when about the age of 30 was converted to Mormonism, and openly joined the sect at Kirtland, O., in 1832. In 1835 he was ordained an elder and sent forth among the 12 apostles, the New England States being the district assigned to him. Here he is said to have been very successful in his proselytizing labors. On the death of Joseph Smith, in 1844, he was unanimously chosen president and prophet, though he had three competitors for the office, one of whom, Sidney Rigdon, he soon afterward excommunicated. On the forcible expulsion of the sect from Nauvoo, Ill., President Young led them through toils and dangers, which nothing but the most admirable energy could have conquered, 48.1 over the plains and table-lands to the splendid valley in the heart of the Rocky Mountains, where, between the Wasatches and the Great Salt Lake, he founded (July, 1847) the present Salt Lake City. His immediate followers forming a nucleus, others poured into "the Promised Land," and in 1849 an attempt was made to organize a State, to be called the State of Deseret, that being the official name given by the Mormons to the district. The United States Government refused to sanction the new State, but Utah was organized as a territory, and Young appointed governor. The appointment of a "Gentile" governor in 1854 led to serious troubles, as Young and the other Mormons refused to recognize his authority, and it was not till a force of 2,500 troops was sent out in 1857 that the United States Government could enforce its laws on the turbulent sectaries. Young was the founder of polygamy as an institution, and was among the first to practice it. In 1852 he promulgated the "celestial law of marriage," which he declared to have been revealed ミ BRIGHAM YOUNG to Joseph Smith nine years before. A large party, among whom were Smith's wife and sons, in the Church opposed the innovation, and declared the revelation to be a forgery, but Young's influence carried the day. He himself had from 15 to 18 actual wives, besides numerous spiritual wives who were formally "sealed" to him. He was twice indicted for polygamy, but each time the case fell through. His 15th wife sued for a divorce in 1875. The barbarous Mountain Meadow Massacre of 1858 was brought to the notice of the law in 1875. In it a train of 136 emigrants, who had come into collision with the Mormon settlers, was practically exterminated, only a few children being allowed to escape. The court exonerated Young from complicity in the affair, though the suspicion was never satisfactorily cleared away, but "Bishop" Lee, a leading Mormon, was condemned to death in 1876, and shot in March, 1877, on the scene of the massacre. Brigham Young was a man of undoubted ability, strength of character, and shrewdness. He died in Salt Lake City, Aug. 29, 1877. See MORMONS.
Young CHARLES AUGUSTUS, an American can astronomer
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
CHARLES AUGUSTUS, an American can astronomer; born in Hanover, N. H., Dec. 15, 1834; was graduated at Dartmouth College (1853), Professor of Mathematics, Physics, and Astronomy in Western Reserve College (1857-1866); captain of a company of the 85th Ohio Volunteers (1862); Professor of Astronomy and Physics in Dartmouth College (1866-1877); Professor of Astronomy in the College of New Jersey at Princeton (1877). He was a member of the eclipse parties to Iowa in 1869, and to Spain in 1870; of the transit of Venus party to Pekin, China, 1874, and organized the Princeton eclipse expedition to Denver in 1878. He discovered the green line of the solar corona in 1869, and identified it with the line 1,474 of Kirchoff's scale. At the 1870 eclipse he discovered the socalled "reversing layer" surrounding the solar photosphere, and in 1872 at Sherman, Wyo., detected the bright reversal of many lines of the solar spectrum in ordinary sunlight. At Dartmouth College he made the first determination of the sun's rotation from the displacement of the lines of its spectrum at the E. and W. limbs, and he was recognized as one of the leading authorities in spectroscopy and in all matters relating to the sun. He was a lecturer in the courses of the Peabody Institute at Baltimore, the Lowell Institute at Boston, and at many colleges. He wrote: "The Sun" (1882), and "General Astronomy" (1889), the best works on their respective subjects in any language; also "Elements of Astronomy" (1890); "Lessons in Astronomy" (1891); "Uranography." He was vice-president and president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, an associate of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, of the Royal Astronomical Society of Great Britain, and a member of the National Academy of Sciences. He died Jan. 4, 1908.
Young JOHN RUSSELL, an American journalist
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
JOHN RUSSELL, an American journalist; born in Downingtown, Pa., Nov. 20, 1841. He entered journalism in 1857 as a copyholder on the Philadelphia "Press"; and was rapidly promoted to reporter, news editor, Washington correspondent, and at the outbreak of the Civil War was war correspondent. He remained with the Army of the Potomac from the battle of Bull Run to the end of the Chickahominy campaign, when he returned to Philadelphia ill, and became managing editor of the "Press." In September, 1865, he joined the editorial staff of the New York "Tribune"; in May managing editor, retiring in 1866, became ma 1869; established the "Morr "Morning Post" in Philadelphia; the "Standard" in New York (1869); was European correspondent of the New York "Herald" (1871- 1877); as correspondent of the same paper he accompanied General Grant in his journey round the world (1877); resumed editorial work on the "Herald" (1879-1882); was appointed minister to China (1882); resigned in 1885 and came home; was appointed Librarian of Congress, June 30, 1897. He wrote "Around the World with General Grant" (1879), and edited "Memorial Histo History of Philadelphia" and "Narrative and Critical History" (1895). He died in Washington, D. C., Jan. 17, 1899. BALDWIN
Young THOMAS, an English scientist
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
THOMAS, an English scientist; born of a Quaker family in Milverton, Somersetshire, England, June 13, 1773. He qualified himself for the medical profession; but a fortune left him made him rather languid in his practice as a physician in London. In 1802 he became the colleague of Davy as Professor of Natural Philosophy at the Royal F Institution, having previously made the discovery of the interference of light, the result of researches which, completed by Fresnel, secured the triumph of the undulatory theory. In 1807 appeared his admirable "Lectures on Natural ral Philosophy." In 1818 he was appointed secretary of the Board of Longitude, with the charge of supervising the "Nautical Almanack." Young preceded Champollion in the discovery of tic character of certain of charact the alphabetic the Egyptian hieroglyphs. He was a man of universal accomplishments, adding to his scientific and mathematical attainments a knowledge of the classical and the principal modern and Oriental languages. He died in London, May 10, 1829.
Young SAMUEL MARKS, an American military officer
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
SAMUEL MARKS, an American military officer; born in Pittsburgh, Pa., Jan. 9, 18 1840; entered the Union army in 1861; served with distinction through the Civil War; brevetted Brigadier-General and was April 9, 1865. He joined the regular army as 2d lieutenant in May 1866; was promoted captain in July, 1866, and colonel, June 19, 1897; was commissioned a Brigadier-General of volunteers, May 4, 1898; and participated in the Cuban of volunteers, and honorably discharged after the surrender of Santiago; served in the Philippines in 1889-1901; was promoted Brigadier-General, U. S. A., .., Jan. 2, 1900; Major-General, Feb. 2, 1901; and for a time served as military governor of Northwestern Luzon and was commander of the 1st District, Department of Luzon. Later in the same year he was placed in command of the Department of California. In February, 1902, he was selected to be the first president of the newly-established Army War College, in Washington, D. C. He died in 1921.
Young SIR JOHN, BARON LISGAR
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
SIR JOHN, BARON LISGAR, a British statesman; born in Bombay, British India, Aug. 31, 1807; was graduated at Oxford University in 1829 and called to the bar in 1834. He was a member of the House of Commons in 1831- 1845; lord of the treasury in 1841-1844; secretary of the treasury in 1844-1846; chief secretary under the Earl of Aberdeen, in Ireland, in 1852-1855; and in the latter year was transferred to the Ionian Islands as lord high commissioner. On the death of his father in 1848 he succeeded to the baronetcy, and in 1860 was sent to New South Wales as governor. His administration in that colony lasted nearly seven years, when he returned to England, and in 1868 was appointed governor-general of Canada, in which office he served till 1872, when he was succeeded by the Earl of Dufferin. He died in Freland, Oct. 6, 1876.
Young ARTHUR, an English political economist
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
ARTHUR, an English political economist; born in Suffolk, England, Sept. 11, 1741. He became a farmer, and made a series of agricultural tours in England, Ireland, and France, publishing accounts of them, which were very favorably received, and in 1793 he was appointed secretary to the newly constituted Board of Agriculture. Of his many writings his "Travels in France," ARTHUR YOUNG published in 1792, is the most interesting, from its sketches of the social as well as the agricultural conditions of the French provinces just before and just after the revolution of 1789. He died in London, April 20, 1820.
Young JAMES, a British chemist
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
JAMES, a British chemist; born in Glasgow, Scotland, in 1811; studied chemistry under Professor Graham at Anderson's College, Glasgow, and became assistant both there and at University College, London. Receiving appointments in chemical works at St. Helen's and Manchester, he discovered a method of distilling oil from shale, through which he became the founder of the miner the mineral oil industry of Scotland, besides leading to the development of the petroleum industry in America and elsewhere. He acquired a large fortune and endowed a chair of technical chemistry in Anderson's College, Glasgow. He died in 1883.
Young JESSE BOWMAN, an American clergyman
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
JESSE BOWMAN, an American clergyman, author, and editor; borr in Berwick, Pa., July 5, 1844; waf graduated at Dickinson College in 1868; served three years in the Union army in the Civil War, ending as captain in the 84th Pennsylvania Volunteers; entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1868, and was pastor in Pennsylvania and Kansas City, Mo.; editor of the "Central Christian Advocate" (1892-1900); etc. He wrote: "What a Boy Saw in the Army"; "Days and Nights on the Sea"; "Helps for the Quiet Hour" (1900). He died in 1914.
Young ANDREW WHITE, an American political economist
Collier's New Encyclopedia (1921)
ANDREW WHITE, an American political economist; born in Carlisle, N. Y., March 2, 1802. He wrote "Introduction to Science of Government" (1843); "Citizen's Manual of Government and Law" (1851); "The American Statesman: A Political History of the United States" (1855); "National Economy: A History of the American Protective System" (1860). He died in Warsaw, N. Y., Feb. 17, 1877.
What Has Changed in the Last Century
Of the ten men gathered here in 1921, Brigham Young still dominates, and the details around him have moved most: the church he led renounced plural marriage in 1890, Brigham Young University now enrolls tens of thousands, and in 2007 the LDS Church formally expressed regret for the Mountain Meadows Massacre, which historians date to September 1857 rather than 1858 and lay at the door of local militia leaders under John D. Lee, with Young's own role still argued over. The astronomer Charles Augustus Young has been vindicated in a way he never saw: the green coronal line he found in 1869 and could not identify was explained in 1939-41 by Bengt Edlen as highly ionized iron, proving the corona is heated to over a million degrees. John Russell Young, whose entry breaks off mid-sentence here, went on to be United States minister to China and Librarian of Congress from 1897 until his death in 1899, and is now almost entirely forgotten outside library history. The remaining Youngs on the shelf have faded similarly into specialist reference, which is the usual fate of a shared-surname page.
Written for this edition, 2026.