Wild Sheep
this sheep is said to attain an average height of about 3 ft. 2 in. at shoulder, the maximum height recorded being 3 ft. 5 in., combined with a length, from nose to tip of tail, of. 5 ft. 5 in. The maximum length is 5 ft. 7 in., and the only record to hand of girth of chest is 4 ft. 6 in., with height 3 ft. 4 in. and length 5 ft. 6 in. Of another specimen, standing only 3 ft. I in. at shoulder, these additional measurements were made-Skull, from between horns to end of præmaxillæ, IO in. ; greatest width across orbits, 63/4 in.
Horns, length round curve, 2 ft. 9 in.; circumference I ft. 03/4 in. Maximum length of horns recorded, 3 ft. 3/4 in., with basal girth I ft. 2½ in., and spread at tips 2 ft.
PALLAS'S TUR. 4/4 in. Maximum girth, I ft. 2/2 in.
Maximum spread at tips, 2 ft. 2/2 in. The best recorded horns of a female measure 103/4 in. The weight of this sheep is about 250 lbs.
Pallas's Tur (Capra cylindricornis).— This wild Goat of the Eastern Caucasus, known also as the Caucasian Bharal, is said to stand about 3 ft. in height at shoulder. Horns measuring 2 ft. 7 in. along curve are considered good, although specimens have been recorded ranging in length up to 3 ft. 83/4 in. with girth I ft. 1/2 in.
Greatest span at tips 2 ft. 4 in., with length 2 ft. 7 in., and girth II in.
Armenian Sheep (Ovis gmelini).- Height at withers, usually about 2 ft. 9 in.
The British Museum possesses an extremely [BIG GAME large head, with horns measuring 3 ft. 47/4 in. along curve of fronto-nuchal edge; 10/2 in. in basal circumference; and [Photo. by W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.
BHARAL SHEEP. 5½ in. the smallest record-in spread at tips. Other horns have been recorded as measuring 3 ft. 0/4 in., 2 ft. 6½ in., and 2 ft. 53/4 in. in length; 2 ft. 2 in. is, however, a very good length. Maximum circumference given, 105/8 in. Maximum spread, I ft. 6 in.
Bharal (Ovis nahura).-Approximate height of ram, 3 ft. at withers; ewe, altogether gether smaller. Weight about 130 lbs.
Horns measuring 2 ft. along curve, and about II in. in girth, are considered good, but examples have been recorded ranging in length to 2 ft. 8½ in.; in girth, to I ft. 1/2 in.; and in spread at tips to 2 ft. IO in.
West Caucasian Tur (Capra caucasica). -Inhabiting the Western Caucasus, and [Photo. by W. P. Dando, F.Z.S.
WEST CAUCASIAN TUR. known locally as the "Ibex," yet doubtfully of a distinct species from Pallas's Tur.
BIG GAME] Height at shoulder about 3 ft. or a little over. Horns have been recorded ranging in length to as much as 3 ft. 4/8 in., with a girth of 125/8 in., and width from tip to tip of 157/4 in. Good heads attain about 30 in., or a trifle over. The greatest spread -2 ft. 35% in. was found in a pair of horns 3 ft. 07/8 in. in length.
Cyprian Sheep (Ovis gmelini ophion).- Of this form, which seems to be but a variety of the Armenian Sheep and not a distinct species, the ram barely exceeds 2 ft. 3 in. in height at withers, whilst, of the few horns noted, the maximum length is 2 ft. 3 in., with a girth of 7½ in. and a spread of 83/4 in. Greatest spread, I ft. 4½ in.
Spanish Wild Goat (Capra pyrenaica). -Erroneously called an "Ibex," being more nearly related to the Turs. Height at shoulder about 2 ft. 6 in. Weight (clean) about 140 lbs. Good-sized horns measure about 2 ft. in length, but specimens have been recorded ranging up to 2 ft. 7 in., this length being combined with the maximum spread of 2 ft. 2½ in., and a girth of only 83/4 in. Maximum girth recorded 10/2 in., with length 2 ft. 43/4 in. and spread 2 ft. 45/8 in.
Persian Wild Goat (Capra hircus aegagrus). This species, termed the Pasang (i.e. rock-footed) by the Persians, is said to be the chief ancestor of the different breeds of domestic goats. The height of an adult male is given as 3 ft. I in. at shoulder. Of [Photo. by W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.
PERSIAN IBEX. horns, a length of 3 ft. 6 in. along curve is considered good, although one pair of 4 ft. 7½ in. has been recorded. The maximum girth-10 in. -accompanied a length of 4 ft. 5 in., and a span from tip to tip of 3 ft. IO in. The width from tip to tip varies greatly, some horns measuring no more than 5 in. or 6 in.
Markhor (Capra falconeri). Several varieties are known, but there appears to be only one species. Heights are given of [Photo. by W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.
MARKHOR. 3 ft. 2/2 in. and 3 ft. 2 in. at shoulder, and lengths of horns around curve are recorded as 5 ft. 3 in., 5 ft., 4 ft. II in., 4 ft., and under. Measured in a straight line, the greatest length appears to be 4 ft. 32 in.
Greatest circumference, I ft. in. Span at tips from about 4 ft. 4 in. downwards.
Weight from 200 to 240 lbs.
Alpine Ibex (Capra ibex). The Ibex, Steinbock, or Bouquetin, has now disappeared as a truly wild animal; it is therefore a matter for concern that but few horn-measurements are to hand. One pair in the possession of the King of Italy (noted in Mr. Rowland Ward's invaluable Records of Big Game) measures 3 ft. 85/8 in. over the curve, and 10/4 in. in girth. Other recorded specimens range from 2 ft. 23/4 in. to 3 ft. 33/4 in. The King of Italy's ibex, above referred to, weighed 170 lbs., and stood at the shoulder 2 ft. 95% in. It was shot in the Vale of Aosta, where these animals are still preserved.
Asiatic Ibex (Capra sibirica). The respective weights of a male and female are given as 188 lbs. and 104 lbs., but males sometimes attain as much as 205 lbs. The height of one male specimen was stated to be 3 ft. 4 in. at shoulder; that of a female 6 in. less. Males occasionally reach 3 ft. 8 in. at the shoulder. Good heads vary from 45 in. to 50 in. over the horn curve. The record pair measure 4 ft. 93/8 in., with a girth of II in., and a tip to tip span of 30 in. This head was obtained in the Thian Shan range.
Himalayan Tahr (Hemitragus jemlaicus).-Males are given as weighing BIG GAME of 32 in.; 55/8 in. girth, and 54 spread are, however, recorded.
Nubian Ibex (Capra nubiana). This, sometimes known as the Arabian or Sinaitic Ibex, is found in three slightly varying races. The record Asiatic head from Arabia measures 4 ft. 2 in., with a girth of 9 in. The best African head from Upper Egypt reaches 4 ft. 3 in., with a girth of 85/8 in., and width from tip to tip of 3 ft. 6½ in.
Abyssinian Ibex (Capra vali). Height at shoulder about 40 in.; weight about 250 lbs. or 260 lbs. Good heads range from 40 in. to 42 in. The record, secured by Major Powell Cotton, measures 435/8 in., with a tip to tip width of 12/2 in. A female head measures 13/4 in.; girth, 47/8 in.; tip to tip, 85% in.
Arabian Tahr (Hemitragus jayakeri).- A small and very little-known species.
Height about 24½ in. Length of horns, I 115/8 in. Obtained by Col. A. S. G. Jayaker in the Oman Mountains, South-East Arabia.
Nilgiri Tahr (Hemitragus hylocrius).- Called "Ibex" by Indian sportsmen. Has [Photo. by W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.
HIMALAYAN TAHR. 200 lbs., and as standing from 3 ft. to 3 ft. 4 in., at shoulder, with a total length of 4 ft. 6 in. Greatest length of horns, I ft. 3/2 in. Greatest circumference, 9 in.; span, 11/4 in.
Himalayan Serow (Nemorhaedus bubalinus). Called also Forest Goat. Height of one recorded as 3 ft. 2 in. at shoulder; weight as 190 lbs. Greatest length of horns [Photo. by W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.
HIMALAYAN SEROW. recorded, I ft. 1/4 in.; girth, 6½ in.; tip to tip, 23/4 in. A specimen, 10½ in. in length, had a girth of 53/8 in. and spread [Photo by W. P. Dando, F.Z.S.
NILGIRI TAHR. a height of from 3 ft. 3 in. to 3 ft. 6 in. at shoulder. Greatest length of horns recorded, I ft. 5½ in., with a girth of 97/8 in. Greatest span, 7/4 in.
Goral (Urotragus goral).-Sometimes called Himalayan Chamois. Height at shoulder, 2 ft. 2 in. to 2 ft. 4 in.; total length, 4 ft. Weight from 50 to 63 lbs.
Greatest length of horns given, 9% in.; girth, 33/4 in.; spread at tips, 416 in.
Japanese Serow (Nemorhaedus crispus). A small species found with an allied race (N. Swinhoei) in Japan and Formosa.
BIG GAME Record horns, 63/4 in.; girth, 414 in.; tip to tip, 37/8 in.
Rocky Mountain Goat (Haploceros montanus). Weight is given as about of horns given, 123/4 in.; this head was secured in Hungary. Another Hungarian specimen had horn measurement of 127/4 in.; girth, 4/8 in.; spread, tip to tip, 7½ in. a Eland (Taurotragus oryx). One of the few species of Antelopes in which the horns of the cows exceed in length, though not in thickness, those of the bulls. Selous shot one measuring 5 ft. IO in., and another 5 ft. 9 in. in height at withers, but in early days, when these antelopes were very plentiful, bulls occasionally reached 6 ft. Two authorities, Sir John Barrow and Sir W.
Cornwallis Harris, give measurements of 6 ft. 6 in. Weight often exceeding 1,000 lbs., old bulls sometimes attaining to [Photo. ly W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.
ROCKY MOUNTAIN GOAT. 300 lbs. Greatest length of horns given, 11/2 in.; greatest girth, 6/2 in.; spread at tips, 83/4 in.
Takin (Budorcas taxicolor).—Height, 3 ft. 6 in. at shoulder. Of horns, the greatest length recorded is 2 ft. I in., with a girth of I ft. I in., and a spread at tips of 11/2 in.
Chamois (Rupicapra tragus).—Average weight from 50 to 70 lbs. Greatest length [Photo. by W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.
CHAMOIS. [Photo. by W. P. Dando, F.Z.S.
ELAND. 1,500 lbs. and over. Maximum length of horns: Of a cow, 3 ft. 5 in.; girth, 77/8 in.; tip to tip, I3 in. ; of a bull: 3 ft. I in., with a girth of 123/4 in., and from tip to tip 233/4 in.
Derbian Eland (Taurotragus derbianus). -The horns of the male in this species are usually larger than in the preceding.
One in the Berlin Museum measures 3 ft. 4 in., with a basal girth of 132 in. Another from the White Nile country measures 3 ft. 3/4 in., with a girth of 13 in. Greatest basal girth is 14½ in. ; greatest spread, tip to tip, 33½ in.
Kudu or Koodoo (Strepsiceros kudu).- Males may stand about 4 ft. 4 in., and even 5 ft., at shoulder. Weight of a good male about 500 lbs. The length of body is stated to be 9 ft. Selous shot one whose horns measured, in a straight line from base to tip, 3 ft. 93/8 in. ; around curve, 5 ft. 05/8 in.; basal girth, 11/2 in.; spread between tips, 2 ft. 9 in. Another pair taken by him had a length, from base to tip, of 3 ft. 5 in., with the maximum measurement around spiral turn of 5 ft. 4 in. A pair in the possession of Mr. F. H. Barber measure 4 ft. 07/8 in. in a straight line.
Lesser Kudu or Koodoo (Strepsiceros imberbis).-Maximum horn measurements are: Length in straight line, 2 ft. 2/4 in.; length around curve, 2 ft. 113/4 in.; circumference, 7½ in. ; spread at tips, I ft. 4½ in. Height at shoulder about 3 ft. 5 in. Weight about 230 lbs.
Addax (Addax Addax (Addax nasomaculatus).- Height, 3 ft. 6 in. The record pair of [BIG GAME East African, 18/2 in.; Nile, 14/2 in.; Abyssinian, 17 in. Beisa (Oryx beisa). - Height about 3 ft.
IO in. Weight (Records of Big Game), 458 lbs. Horns of the female, as in the [Photo. by W. P. Dando, F.Z.S.
BEISA.
Gemsbok, longer than those of the male.
Maximum measurements of different horns are: Length, 3 ft. 4 in. and 3 ft. 3 in.; circumference, 7/4 in.; spread at tips, 12/4 in. Roan Antelope (Hippotragus equinus). -Height at shoulder, 4 ft. 9 in. Weight (Records of Big Game) about 625 lbs.
Maximum measurements of different horns: [Photo. by W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.
ADDAX. horns, in the collection of Sir Edmund Loder, measure, over curve, 3 ft. 316 in.; straight, 2 ft. 10/2 in.; girth, 57% in.; tip to tip, 183/4 in.
Bushbuck or Harnessed Antelope (Tragelaphus scriptus). - Under this designation are to be found several varieties formerly considered as species-the first, the typical variety of West, Central, and South Central Africa; the second from Abyssinia; the third from East Africa; the fourth from the Nile and Sudan; and the fifth, the "Bushbuck" of the Cape. Stated to stand 2 ft. 8 in. at shoulder, and to measure about 5 ft. in length. The maximum measurements recorded of different horns are: Cape bushbuck, 1934 in.; West African, 12/4 in.; [Photo. by W. P. Dando, F.Z.S.
ROAN ANTELOPE.
Length, 3 ft. 3/4 in.; girth, 10/2 in.; spread at tips, I ft. 5/4 in.
Western Situtunga (Tragelaphus gratus). - Height at shoulder, 3 ft. 6 in.; length from chest to ru rump, 3 ft. 6 in.; tail, 11/2 in.; BIG GAME] ears, 5½ in. Maximum length of horns, 2 ft. 103/4 in.; girth, 8 in.; tip to tip, 21 in.
Sable Antelope (Hippotragus niger).- Height at shoulder, 4 ft. 6 in.; extreme Length over curve, 2 ft. 11/8 in.; girth, 8 in.; tip to tip, 15/8 in.
Inyala (Tragelaphus angasi). -Height at shoulder, 3 ft. 6 in.; weight, 250 lbs. to 300 lbs. Maximum length of horns, over curve, 2 ft. 73/8 in. ; girth, 81/4 in.; tip to tip, 9½ in.
Bongo (Boöceros euryceros). - Height at shoulder, 4 ft. or thereabouts. Maximum horn measurements: Male, 35 in. over front curve; girth, IO in. ; tip to tip, II in. Female, 30½ in., 87/4 in., and II in.
Springbuck (Antidorcas euchore).- Height, 2 ft. 6 in. to 2 ft. 8 in. Weight about 70 lbs. to 80 lbs. Maximum measurements of different horns: Length on curve, [Photo. by W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.
SABLE ANTELOPE. length nearly 9 ft.; tail, 2 ft. I in.; ears, IO in. Maximum measurements of different horns: Length, 4 ft. 2/2 in.; girth, 10½ in.; spread at tips, 2 ft. 5 in.
Dorcas Gazelle (Gazella dorcas).- Height at shoulder, about 22 in. Of different horns, the maximum measurements [Photo. by W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.
DORCAS GAZELLE. recorded are: Length, I ft. 13/8 in.; girth, 4/4 in.; spread at tips, 53/4 in.
Situtunga or Nakong (Tragelaphus spekei). Height of male at shoulder, 3 ft. 7 in. Maximum horn measurements are: [Photo. by W. P. Dando, F.Z.S.
SPRINGBUCK.
I ft. 7 in.; girth, 6/2 in.; spread at tips, 12/2 in.
Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus).- Height of males, 4 ft. 4 in. to 4 ft. 8 in., or even 4 ft. IO in., at shoulder; length, 6 ft. 6 in. to 7 ft.; tail, I ft. 6 in. to I ft. 9 in.
Maximum measurements of different horns are: Length, 97% in.; circumference, 81/2 in.; spread at tips, 73/4 in.
Gemsbok (Oryx gazella). - Height about 3 ft. IO in. Horns of the female usually longer than those of the male. Maximum records: Female, 3 ft. 11/2 in.; circumference, 63/4 in. ; spread at tips, I ft. I½ in. Of a male, length, 3 ft. 6 in.; girth, 73/4 in.; tip to tip, 23 in.
Fringe-eared Oryx (Oryx callotis).- Height, 3 ft. IO in. to 4 ft. Maximum measurements of different horns are:
Length, 2 ft. 9½ in.; girth, 7 in.; spread at tips, I ft. 2½ in. nor Leucoryx or White Oryx (Oryx leucoryx). No body-measurements weights are to hand. The longest horns recorded have a length of 3 ft. 8/2 in.; girth, 63/8 in.; spread at tips, 9 in.
Beatrix or Arabian Oryx (Oryx beatrix).Height at shoulder about 2 ft. 8 in. Record horn measurements (Paris Museum): Length, 2 ft. 21 in.; girth, 43/4 in.; tip to tip, 10/4 in.
Indian Gazelle or Ravine Deer (Gazella bennetti). Height at shoulder, 2 ft. Of [Photo. by W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.
INDIAN GAZELLE. different horns, the maximum measurements are: Length, I ft. 35/8 in.; girth, 43/4 in.; spread at tips, 85% in.
Goa or Tibetan Gazelle (Gazella picticandata). Height about 2 ft. Maximum measurements, different horns: Length, 14/8 in.; girth, 43/4 in.; tip to tip, 6/4 in.
Mongolian Gazelle (Gazella gutturosa). -Height about 2 ft. 6 in. Maximum measurements of a single pair of horns:
Length, 153/4 in.; girth, 5 in.; tip to tip, 6°34 in.
Przewalski's Gazelle (Gazella przewalskii). Height rather more than 2 ft. Record measurements of a head in the British Museum. Length of horns, 10/4 in.; girth, 43/8 in.; tip to tip, 23/4 in.
Goitred Gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa). -Height about 2 ft. 2 in. The best horns [BIG GAME hitherto recorded, in the possession of Sir Edmund Loder, measure: Length, I ft. 45/8 in. girth, 4½ in.; tip to tip, 63/4 in.
Edmi or Atlas Gazelle (Gazella cuvieri). Height about 2 ft. 3 in. The finest recorded pair of horns Length, 147/8 in.; girth, 5 in.; tip to tip, 35/8 in. measure:
Palestine Gazelle (Gazella merrilli).-- A Syrian mountain species, at present very little known. Maximum horn measurements, recorded by Mr. Douglas Carruthers: Length, 263 mm.; girth, 108 mm.; tip to tip, 117 mm.
Best Arabian Gazelle (Gazella arabica).- Height about 2 ft. or a little over. horns yet recorded measure: Length, 103/4 in.; girth, 43/4 in.; tip to tip, 43/8 in.
Speke's Gazelle (Gazella spekei). -- Height about 2 ft. The finest pair of horns at present recorded measure in length 12½ in., and from tip to tip 3½ in. A girth measurement of 43/8 in., and from tip to tip of 54 in., have been recorded in other specimens.
Pelzeln's Gazelle (Gazella pelzelni).- Height about 24 in. to 25 in. The maximum horn measurement is 131 in.; another head measures: Length, 13/8 in.; girth, 4½ in.; tip to tip, 3½ in.
Loder's Gazelle (Gazella lepto-ceros).- Height about 2 ft. 4 in. Maximum horn measurements: Length, 157/8 in.; girth, 3/2 in.; tip to tip, 67/4 in.
Isabella Gazelle (Gazella isabellina).- Height, 24 in. to 25 in. The best horns yet recorded measure: Length, 1034 in.; girth, 37/8 in.; tip to tip, 45/8 in.
Heuglin's Gazelle (Gazella tilonura).— Height about 2 ft. 2 in to 2 ft. 3 in. Maximum horn measurement : Length, 113/4 in.; girth, 5 in.; tip to tip, 2 in. A circumference of 4½ in. has been recorded, and a tip to tip measurement of 43/4 in.
Senegal or Red-fronted Gazelle (Gazelia rubifrons). Height about 25 in. Best horn measurements yet recorded: Length, 1378 in.; girth, 574 in.; tip to tip, 7/2 in.
Rothschild's Gazelle (Gazella albonotata). A specimen shot by Mr. P. Niedieck on the White Nile gives the following measurements, which at present constitute the record: Length, 125/8 in.; girth, 43/8 in.; tip to tip, 4 in.
Thomson's Gazelle (Gazella thomsoni). - Height about 25 in. Maximum horn measurements: Length, 16 in.; girth, 4½ in.; tip to tip, 2 in. Some specimens give a span from tip to tip of as much as 6½ in., 7 in., and in one case 113/4 in.
Grant's Gazelle (Gazella granti).- Height about 34 in. Weight (Records of BIG GAME] Big Game) from 150 lbs. to 166 lbs. Maximum measurements, from a specimen secured by Capt. F. A. Dickinson: Length, 30/4 in.; girth, 73/4 in.; tip to tip, 20 in.
Peters's Gazelle (Gazella granti petersi). -A local race of the foregoing species.
Height at shoulder from 32 in. to 33 in.
Maximum horn measurements: ents: Length 233/4 in. ; girth, 6½ in.; tip to tip, II in.
Sæmmering's Gazelle or Aoul (Gazella sæmmeringi).-Height at shoulder about 35 in. Weight about 90 lbs. (clean).
Maximum horn measurements: Length, 22½ in.; girth, 4/2 in.; tip to tip, 133/4 in.
Addra or Red-necked Gazelle (Gazella ruficollis). Height about 3 ft. Maximum horn measurements: Length, 143/4 in.; girth, 6 in.; tip to tip, 7 in.
Dama Gazelle (Gazella dama). Height about 3 ft. The best horns yet recorded measure: Length, 1334 in.; girth, 5½ in.; tip to tip, 63/4 in.
Swift Gazelle or Mhorr (Gazella dama mhoor). A northern race of the lastnamed species. Height, 3 ft. and upwards. Maximum horn measurements: Length, 113/4 in.; girth, 6 in.; tip to tip, 33/4 in.
Clarke's Gazelle or Dibatag (Ammodorcas clarkei). -Height about 2 ft. 9 in. Weight from 65 lbs. to 70 lbs. The best horns yet recorded measure in length, over the curve, 13 in. A pair in the Museum of the Hon. Walter Rothschild measure:
Length, 125/8 in.; girth, 5/4 in.; tip to tip, 45/8 in.
Waller's Gazelle or Gerenuk (Lithocranius walleri). - Height, 40 in. to 41 in. Weight about 115 lbs. The record horns in the possession of the Duc d'Orléans measure: Length, 17 in.; girth, 5/4 in.; tip to tip, 334 in. A horn girth of 6 in. has been recorded, and a tip to tip measurement of 63/8 in.
Beira Antelope (Dorcatragus melanotis). Height from 21 in. to 24 in. Maximum horn measurements: Length, 5 in.; girth, 13/4 in.; tip to tip, 3/4 in.
Tibetan Antelope or Chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni). - Height at shoulder, 2 ft. 7 in. Weight from 90 lbs. to I20 lbs. Of different horns, the maximum measurements are: Length, 2 ft. 33/4 in.; girth, 6½ in. ; spread at tips, I ft. 5½ in.
Black-buck or Indian Antelope (Antilope cervicapra).—The height at shoulder is given as 2 ft. 8 in., and the average weight as 85 lbs.; the size, however, varies considerably in different localities, the smallest variety being found in Mysore, where, according to Sanderson, horns average I ft. 2 in. in length, and rarely exceed I ft. 6 in., although, in other parts of India, the average length is 2 ft. 2 in. or 2 ft. 3 in. Maximum measurements of different horns: Length in straight line, [Photo. by W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.
BLACK BUCK. 2 ft. 6/2 in.; circumference, 5½ in.; spread at tips, 2 ft. 33/4 in.
Reedbuck (Cervicapra arundincum).- Height about 3 ft. Maximum measure- [Photo. by W. P. Dando, F.Z.S.
REEDBUCK. ments of different horns: Length, 1 ft. 6 in.; girth, 7½ in.; spread at tips, I ft. 8½ in.
T Impala or Pallah (Aepyceros melam- ).-Height rather under 3 ft. Maximum measurements of different horns: Length on curve, 2 ft. 7/4 in.; straight, 2 ft. I in.; girth, 65/8 in.; tip to tip, 25 in.
Saiga Antelope (Saiga tatarica).- Height about 2 ft. 6 in. Maximum measurements of different horns: Length, I ft. 23/8 in.; girth, 5/4 in.; spread at tips, 57/8 in.
Bohor Reedbuck (Cervicapra redunca). -Height about 2 ft. 4 in. The best horns yet recorded measure: Length, 14/2 in.; girth, 434 in.; tip to tip, 15 in.
Mountain Reedbuck or Rooi Rhebok (Cervicapra fulvorufula). - Height, 2 ft. 4 in. to 2 ft. 6 in. The best horns yet recorded measure: Length, 87% in.; girth, 47/8 in.; tip to tip, 43/4 in. about 2 Vaal Rhebok (Pelea capreola). - Height ft. 6 in. The record horns measure 11/2 in. in length. Another pair measure IIT in.; girth, 2/8 in.; tip to tip, 63/4 in. 1 Waterbuck (Cobus ellipsiprymnus). - Height, 4 ft. to 4 ft. 4 in. Maximum measurements of different horns: Length, 3 ft. 01/4 in.; girth, 10/8 in.; spread at tips, 2 ft. 5½ in.
Defassa Waterbuck or Sing-Sing (Cobus defassa). There exist four races of this waterbuck: the West African singsing, the Abyssinian defassa, Crawshay's defassa, and Penrice's waterbuck. Of these the first stands from 4 ft. to 4 ft. I in. at the shoulder, the next from 4 ft. to 4 ft. 3 in., while Crawshay's stands from [Photo by W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.
SING-SING. 3 ft. IO in. to 4 ft., and Penrice's from 4 ft. to 4 ft. 2 in. Maximum measurements of different horns: Length, 2 ft. 11½ in.; girth, 10 in.; spread at tips, 2 ft.
IO in. [BIG GAME Mrs. Gray's Kob (Cobus maria).- Height about 3 ft. 2 in. The finest pair of horns yet recorded measure: Length, 2 ft. 8/4 in.; girth, 7/4 in.; tip to tip, I 1674 in.
White-eared Kob (Cobus leucotis).-- Height, 2 ft. 10 in. to 3 ft. Maximum horn measurements, from head: Length, 2 ft. 03/4 in. girth, 7½ in. tip to tip, II in. one Buffon's Kob (Cobus kob).-Height about 2 ft. 9 in. The best horns yet recorded measure: Length, I ft. 8½ in.; girth, 63/4 in.; tip to tip, 10/2 in.
Uganda Kob (Cobus thomasi). Height from 2 ft. IO in. to 3 ft. Record head measures: Length, 2 ft. I in.; girth, 7/8 in.; tip to tip, 12 in.
Vaughan's Kob (Cobus vaughani).---A newly discovered species. Few measurements are yet available. A type head (British Museum) measures: Length of horns, 175/8 in.; girth, 6 in.; tip to tip, 73/4 in.
Lechwe (Cobus leche). - Height about 3 ft. 4 in. to 3 ft. 5 in. The longest horns yet recorded measure 2 ft. 101/2 in.
Another pair measure: Length, 2 9½ in.; girth, 7 in.; tip to tip, 2 ft. 23/4 in. ft. ft.
Puku (Cobus puku). - Height from 3 ft. 4 in. to 3 ft. 6 in. Record horns measure:
Length, I ft. 83/4 in.; girth, 77/8 in.; tip to tip, 17 in.
Klipspringer (Oreotagus saltator).- Height, I ft. IO in. Maximum measurements of different horns: Length, 53/8 in.; girth, 3/8 in.; spread at tips, 3/4 in.
Steinbok (Rhaphiceros campestris).- Height, I ft. 8 in. The largest horns are recorded as 7½ in. in length, and 134 in. in girth, with 32 in. spread at tips. 11 Sharpe's Steinbok (Rhaphiceros sharpei). Record is: Length, 1 in.; girth, 15/8 in.; tip to tip, 13/8 in.
Grysbok (Rhaphiceros melanotis).- Height about I ft. IO in. Record horns to date: Length, 47/8 in.; girth, 1/2 in.; tip to tip, 17/8 in.
Zanzibar Suni (Nesotragus moschatus). -Height about 13 in. Maximum horn measurements: Length, 37% in.; girth, I 17/8 in.; tip to tip, 15/8 in.
Livingstone's Suni (Nesotragus livingabout I5 in. Maximum horn measurements: Length, 5 in.; girth, 17/8 in.; tip to tip, 27/4 in.
Cape Oribi (Oribia scoparia). Height about 2 ft. Record horns measure:
Length, 7½ in.; girth, 23/4 in.; tip to tip, 25/8 in.
Abyssinian Oribi (Oribia montana).- Height about I ft. IO in. Best recorded Lambeth Public Libraries BIG GAME] horns measure: Length, 53/8 in.; girth, 2 in.; tip to tip, 25/8 in.
West African Oribi (Oribia nigricaudata). Height about I ft. 8 in. Maximum horn measurements: Length, 43/4 in.; girth, 2½ in.; tip to tip, 27/4 in.
Haggard's Oribi (Oribia haggardi).- Height about 2 ft. Record horns measure:
Length, 63/8 in.; girth, 21/8 in.; tip to tip, 3 in.
Dik-Dik. Some seven species of these tiny antelopes are at present known to zoologists. These are Salt's, Swayne's, Phillips', Günther's, Kirk's, Hemprich's, and the Damara Dik-Diks. They range in height from 14 in. to a little over 15 in., and weigh from 7 lbs. to 9 lbs. The short horns average in the various species from 2 in. to 3 in. in length. The best measurements yet recorded are in Günther's Dik- Dik (Madoqua guentheri): Length, 35% in.; girth, 15/8 in.; tip to tip, 2 in. The best head of Kirk's Dik-Dik (M. kirki) gives very similar measurements: Length, 35/8 in.; girth, 15/8 in.; tip to tip, 1/8 in.
Cape Duiker (Cephalophus grimmi). -Although it is supposed that only the males are horned, yet Mr. Selous has met with three examples of horned females.
Height about I ft. IO in. Maximum measurements of different horns: Length, 6½ in.; girth, 25/8 in.; spread at tips, 3/4 in.
Abyssinian Duiker (C. abyssinicus). - Record horns measure: Length, 4/4 in.; girth, 244 in.; tip to tip, 3 in.
Blue Duiker or Bluebuck (C. monticola). - Height about 13 in. Record horns: Length, 2½ in.; girth, 13/4 in.; span, 1/2 in.
Red or Natal Duiker (C. natalensis).— Height about 17 in. Record horns:
Length, 37/8 in.; girth, 23/4 in. span, 2 in.
Bay Duiker (C. dorsalis). - Record horns measure 31 in.
Banded Duiker of Mountain Deer (C. doria). Horns measure from 15/8 in. to 17/8 in. in length.
Yellow-backed Duiker (C. sylvicultor). -A large duiker of the West Coast of Africa. Height, 2 ft. IO in. Record horns: Length, 7 in.; girth, 3½ in. Best tip to tip measurement, 4/2 in.
Harvey's Duiker (C. harveyi). Height about 17 in. Maximum horn measurements from one head: Length, 35% in.; girth, 3/4 in.
Red-flanked Duiker (C. rufilatus).— Height about 14 in. Maximum horn measurements: Length, 3Tg in.; girth, 27/8 in.; span, 25/8 in.
Crowned Duiker (C. coronatus).- Height, 15 in. to 16 in. Best horn measurements, from n one head: Length, 4½ in.; girth, 21/4 in. span, 27/8 in.
White-tailed Gnu or Black Wildebeest (Connochœtes gnu). -Height, 3 ft. 6 in. to [Photo. by W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.
WHITE-TAILED GNU. 3 ft. IO in. at shoulder. Maximum measurements of different horns: Length, 2 ft. 67/8 in.; girth, I ft. 10/2 in.; breadth of palm, 11/2 in.; spread at tips, I ft. 9/4 in.
Blue Wildebeest or Brindled Gnu (Connochœtes taurina). - Height at shoulder about 4 ft. 2 in. to 4 ft. 5 in. Mr. F. J.
Jackson has recorded a weight of 475 lbs. in the case of an old bull in good condition.
Maximum measurements of different [Photo. by W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.
BRINDLED GNU. horns: Length, 2 ft. 7 in.; breadth of palm, 6½ in.; girth, I ft. 17/4 in.; spread at tips, 2 ft. 2/2 in.; width inside, 2 ft. 5 in.
T2 Four-horned Antelope or Chousingha (Charsingha) (Tetraceros quadricornis).- Height of male, about 2 ft. 2 in. at shoulder, and slightly higher at croup. The remarkable horns, which are only found in the male, have greater length in the posterior than in the anterior pairs. Maximum measurements of different horns are: Of the posterior pair, length, 5 in.; girth, 27/4 in.; spread at tips, 3 in. Of the anterior pair, 2½ in., 23/8 in., and 27/8 in. respectively.
Hartebeest (Bubalis caama). Height, [Photo, by W. P. Dando. F.Z.S.
HARTEBEEST. 4 ft. Maximum measurements of different horns: Length, 2 ft. 2 in.; girth, 12 in.; spread at tips, 16/2 in.
Lichtenstein's Hartebeest (Bubalis lichtensteini). Height, 4 ft. 2 in. to 4 ft. 4 in. Weight about 300 lbs. The best pair of horns yet recorded measure: Length over curve, I ft. 107/8 in.; girth, II in.; tip to tip, 77/8 in. A spread of I5 in. from tip to tip has been recorded, and a girth of 13/4 in.
Heuglin's and Jackson's Hartebeests (Bubalis lelwel and Bubalis lelwel jacksoni). Height about 4 ft. 4 in. Weight about 405 lbs. The record horns measure:
Length, 2 ft. I in.; girth, 12½ in.; tip to tip, 11/2 in.
Niedieck's Hartebeest (Bubalis niediecki neum). The best horns yet recorded measure: Length, I ft. IO in.; girth, 10/4 in.; tip to tip, 127/4 in.
Blesbok (Damaliscus albifrons). - Height about 3 ft. 4 in. to 3 ft. 6 in. Weight, [ BIG GAME [Photo. by W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.
BLESBOK. 180 lbs. to 190 lbs. Maximum measurements of different horns: Length, I ft. 6/4 in.; girth, 7/4 in.; spread at tips, I ft. 04 in.
Neumann's Hartebeest (Bubalis neumanni). Height about 4 ft. Best recorded horns measure: Length, I ft. IO in. girth, 10/4 in.; tip to tip, 11/4 in.
Coke's Hartebeest or Kongoni (Bubalis cokei).--Height about 4 ft. Weight from 300 lbs. to 340 lbs. The finest pair of horns yet recorded measure I ft. 83/4 in. over the curve. Another pair measures:
Length, I ft. 8 in.; girth, 9 in.; tip to tip, 132 in. 3 Swayne's Swayne's Hartebeest (Bubalis swaynei). -Height, 4 ft. or a trifle under. Weight about 300 lbs. Best recorded measurements of a single head, shot by Col. H. G. C. Swayne: Length, 2014 in.; girth, 87% in.; tip to tip, 263/4 in.
Bontebok (Damaliscus pygargus).- Height, 3 ft. 6 in. to 3 ft. 8 in. Weight, 200 lbs. to 210 lbs. Maximum horn measurements, which are those of a pair 200 [Photo. by W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.
BONTEBOK. in the British Museum, are: Length, I ft. 43/8 in.; girth, 63/4 in.; spread at tips, 9% in.
BIG GAME] Okapi [Mounted by Rowland Ward, Piccaailly, W.
OKAPI. (Ocapia johnstoni). - Height about 4 ft. Weight probably about 450 lbs.
Tora Hartebeest (Bubalis tora).- Height about 4 ft. Weight 350 lbs. to 400 lbs. Measurements of best horns yet recorded: Length, 22/2 in.; girth, 9 in.; tip to tip, 223/8 in.
West African Hartebeest (Bubalis major). Height about 3 ft. 8 in. to 3 ft. IO in. Maximum horn measurements from different specimens: Length, 263/4 in.; girth, 132 in.; tip to tip, 1334 in.
Bubal Hartebeest (Bubalis boselaphus). -Height at shoulder, 43 in. or 44 in. Very few specimens of heads have been seen in Europe. The best recorded pair of horns -in the British Museum-measure:
Length, 14/2 in.; girth, 85% in.; tip to tip, 93/8 in.
Korrigum or Senegal Hartebeest (Damaliscus corrigum). - Height, 3 ft.
IO in. to 4 ft. The best recorded pair of horns measure: Length, 263/4 in.; girth, 9½ in.; tip to tip, 15½ in.
Topi (Damaliscus corrigum jimela).- Height about 4 ft. Weight about 350 lbs.
The best pair of horns yet recorded measure: Length, 227/4 in.; girth, 8½ in.; tip to tip, 53/4 in.
Tiang (Damaliscus corrigum tiang).- Slightly inferior in height to the Topi.
Measurements of best horns yet recorded are: Length, 257/8 in.; girth, 93/4 in.; tip to tip, 11/2 in.
Hunter's Hartebeest (Damaliscus hunteri). Height about 4 ft. Maximum measurements of different horns: Length, around curve, 2 ft. 2/4 in.; in straight line, I ft. 10/2 in.; girth, 83/8 in.; spread at tips, I ft. 3½ in.
Tsesseby, Sassaby, or Bastard Hartebeest (Damaliscus lunatus). - Height, 3 ft. IO in. to 4 ft. Maximum measurements of different horns: Length, I ft. 45/8 in.; girth, 814 in.; spread at tips, I ft. 134 in.
Red Deer (Cervus elaphus). - Height of a good stag, 4 ft. at shoulder. Weights of Scottish specimens range from 280 to 400 lbs., but one killed at Woburn more than seventy years ago weighed 476 lbs.= 34 stone. Greater weights are, however, attained by stags of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. A Continental stag, killed in recent years, weighed 584 lbs. Maximum measurements of different antlers: Greatest length over outside, 5 ft. 8 in., with a spread inside of 5 ft. 5 in.; this pair had forty-four points, and their weight was 74 lbs.; they were from Central Europe, probably Austria. The greatest spread, however-6 ft. 3o in. has been attained by a pair now in the King of Saxony's collection at Moritzburg, whose history dates back to 1586. Some of the prehistoric stags had antlers which carried astounding numbers of points, ranging from that given above to sixty-six. Between 1611 and 1656, the Elector of Saxony killed 24,563 stags, ranging from one of thirty points to 1,192 of fourteen, of which the heaviest stag weighed 61 st. 11 lbs.; 59 exceeded 56 stone; 651 exceeded 48 stone; 2,679 exceeded 40 stone; and 4,139 exceeded 32 stone. Since that time, the deterioration of the German stags has been as marked as that of the British. In Northern Hungary, and in the Carpathian Alps, stags are still sometimes [Photo. by W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.
RED DEER STAG. met with of the clean weight of from 35 to 40 stone.
Of British deer, the record head belongs to a Scottish stag shot in Inverness-shire in 1794, now in the possession of Col. W. are:
Hall Walker. The measurements Length on outside curve, 41 in.; girth between bez and trez, 7 in.; widest inside, 35 in.; points, 7 and 7. An Exmoor head, in the possession of Sir John Heathcoat Amory, measures: Length, 41 in.; girth, 5/4 in.; widest inside, 321/4 in.; points, 5 and 5. A stag shot by Lord Burton in Glen Quoich in 1893 carried 20 points, IO and IO. A stag in Mr. C. Lucas's park at Warnham, Sussex, developed antlers in 1891 which carried 47 points. Good feeding had much to do with this result. Prong-horned Antelope (Antilocapra americana). Height at shoulder about 3 ft.
Weight, about 80 lbs. clean. Maximum measurements of different horns: Length, I ft. 5/4 in.; girth, 6/2 in.; widest inside, 12/2 in.
Maral or Eastern Red Deer (Cervus elaphus maral). - Height about 4 ft. 6 in.
Weight from 500 lbs. to 700 lbs. The finest antlers yet recorded measure:
Length, 4 ft. 02 in.; girth, 6 in.; widest inside, 41/2 in.; points, 5 and 6. The late Prince E. Demidoff secured in the Caucasus a head carrying 21 points. [Photo. by W. P. Dando, F.Z.S.
GIRAFFE.
Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis).- Height of males, 18 ft. to 19 ft. to top of horns; females about 2 ft. less. [BIG GAME Wapiti (Cervus canadensis). This, which is called in America, of course erroneously, the "Elk," attains large propor- [Photo. by W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.
WAPITI STAG. tions, and is probably not specifically distinct from the Thian Shan Stag and other Asiatic varieties. Height of stags from 5 ft. 4 in. to 5 ft. 6 in. Length, from tip of nose to tail, 8 ft. to 9 ft.; girth of body over heart, 6 ft. to 6 ft. 8 in.; weight, from 700 to 1,000 lbs. Measurements of finest recorded antlers: Length along beam, 5 ft. 10½ in. and 5 ft. IO in.; girth, I ft. 21/8 in. widest outside, 5 ft. 8 in.; widest inside, 4 ft. I in. Number of points, twelve.
Seventeen, eighteen, and twenty pointers have been recorded; these, however, are very rare examples.
Barbary Stag (Cervus elaphus barbarus). Record antlers measure: Length, 3 ft. 27/8 in.; girth, 53/8 in.; points, 6 and 5.
Kashmir Stag or Hangul (Cervus cashmirianus). Height, 4 ft. to 4 ft. 4 in. Average weight about 400 lbs. Maximum measurements of different antlers: Length, 4 ft. 0% in.; girth, 75% in.; spread, from tip to tip, 3 ft. 2 in.; width inside, 3 ft. 11/2 in. A pair recorded by the late Sir Victor Brooke had sixteen points.
Yarkand Stag (Cervus yarcandensis).- Record horns: Length, 3 ft. 44 in.; girth, 5/2 in.; tip to tip, 233/4 in.; widest inside, 313/4 in.; points, 5 and 5. A thirteen-pointer (7 and 6) has been recorded.
Sikkim Stag or Shou (Cervus affinis).— Height up to 5 ft. Maximum measurements of different antlers: Length, 4 ft. 73/4 in.; girth, 8 in.; spread between tips, 3 ft. 2 in.; width inside, 3 ft. 9½ in.
Greatest number of points, fourteen.
BIG GAME] Japanese Sika (Cervus sica typicus).- Height about 2 ft. 8 in. to 2 ft. IO in.
Weight about 180 lbs. Best recorded [Photo. by W. P. Dando, F.Z.S.
JAPANESE SIKA DEER. antlers measure: Length, 2 ft. 1/2 in.; girth, 5 in.; tip to tip, 173/8 in.; points, 4 and 4.
Nine-pointers have been recorded.
Thorold's Deer (Cervus albirostris). - The best recorded antlers (British Museum) measure in length 3 ft. II in.
Greatest girth measurement, 5/4 in.; tip to tip, 3 ft. I in.; widest inside, 2 ft. 8 in.
Ten points are the largest number yet recorded.
Thian Shan Wapiti (Cervus canadensis songaricus). Best horn measurements hitherto recorded: Length, 4 ft. 7 in.; girth, 8 in.; points, 6 and 7. Another pair measured: Length, 4 ft. 6 in.; girth, 7/4 in.; tip to tip, 4 ft. I in.; widest inside, 3 ft. 103/4 in.; points, 7 and 6.
Bactrian Wapiti (Cervus canadensis bactrianus). This wapiti, from Tchenkend and other parts of Turkestan, is at present very little known. A head in the possession of the Duke of Bedford measures: Length, 3 ft. 6 in.; girth, 6 in.; tip to tip, 2 ft. 27/4 in.; points, 6 and 4 (Records of Big Game).
Manchurian Wapiti (Cervus canadensis xanthopygus). - Best recorded antlers measure: Length, 2 ft. 974 in.; girth, 53/4 in.; widest inside, I ft. 9½ in.; points, 6 and 6. Fifteen points, 8 and 7, have also been recorded (Records of Big Game).
Siberian Wapiti (Cervus canadensis asiaticus). Of this little-known wapiti no measurements are yet available. man- Manchurian Sika (Cervus sica churicus). Height about 3 ft. 3 in. Record antlers measure: Length, 2 ft. 2 in.; girth, 4/4 in.; tip to tip, 1338 in.; points, 4 and 4.
A span from tip to tip of I ft. 9½ in. has been recorded.
Formosan Sika (Cervus taevanus).- Height just under 3 ft. Best recorded antlers (British Museum) measure: Length, 1 ft. 73/4 in.; girth, 33/8 in.; tip to tip, 13 in.; widest inside, 163/8 in.; points, 4 and 4.
Pekin Sika (Cervus hortulorum).— Height at shoulder in good specimens as much as 4 ft. Best recorded antlers measure: Length, 2 ft. 87/4 in.; girth, 4½ in.; tip to tip, 16½ in. points, 4 and 4. A ten-pointer (5 and 5) has been recorded.
Malay Sambar (Cervus unicolor equinus). Height and weight slightly less than in the Indian species. Best recorded measurements, different heads: Length, 2 ft. 8½ in.; girth, 8/4 in.; tip to tip, 2 ft. 33/4 in.; widest inside, 2 ft. 3/4 in. Usual points, 3 and 3, but 7 and 7 have been recorded.
Formosan Sambar (Cervus unicolor swinhoei). - Maximum antler measurements, from a head in the British Museum : Length, I ft. 73/4 in.; tip to tip, 9 in.; points, 3 and 3.
Basilan Sambar (Cervus unicolor nigricans). - A head in the British Museum measures: Length, 13/2 in.; girth, 43/8 in.; tip to tip, 12/8 in.; points, 3 and 3.
Axis, Indian Spotted Deer, or Chital (Cervus axis).-Height very variable, that [Photo. by W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.
Axis. of a buck in Northern and Central India being from 3 ft. to 3 ft. 3 in., whilst in Southern India the height attained is from 2 ft. 6 in. to 2 ft. 8 in.; weight from 145 lbs. to 200 lbs. Maximum measurements of different antlers: Length, 3 ft. 3 in.; girth, 53/4 in.; spread between tips, 2 ft. 1/4 in.
Greatest number of points, ten.
Luzon Sambar (Cervus unicolor philippinus). Maximum measurements, from a single head in possession of Sir Edmund Loder: Length, I ft. 9 in.; girth, 43/4 in.; tip to tip, 5½ in.; points, 3 and 3. A tip to tip span of 143/4 in. has been recorded.
Indian Sambar (Cervus unicolor typicus).-Height, 4 ft. 6 in.; weight of large specimens, 600 to 700 lbs. Maximum measurements of different antlers: Length [Photo. by W. P. Dando, F.Z.S.
SAMBAR STAG. around outside, 4 ft. 2% in.; girth above brow-tine, 93/8 in.; spread between tips, 4 ft. I in.; width inside, 3 ft. 97/8 in.
Greatest number of points, twelve, but in nine-tenths of the specimens recorded the number is 3+3.
Szechuen Sambar (Cervus unicolor dejeani). Of this sambar, found in North- West China, very few heads have reached Europe. The finest recorded example, in the Museum of the Hon. Walter Rothschild, measures: Length of antlers, 3 ft. 5 in.; girth, 6 in.; tip to tip, 22 in.; points, 3 and 3.
Javan Rusa Deer (Cervus hippelaphus). -The best antlers yet recorded, in the possession of H.M. the King, measure: Length, 3 ft. I½ in. ; girth, 53/8 in. ; tip to tip, I6 in. ; points, 3 and 3.
Moluccan Rusa (Cervus hippelaphus, moluccensis).- Record antlers: Length, 3 ft. 01/8 in. girth, 45/8 in.; tip to tip, 1874 in.; points, 3 and 3.
Hog Deer (Cervus porcinus). - Height, from 2 ft. to 2 ft. 5 in.; weight as shot, 96 lbs. Maximum measurements of different antlers: Length, I ft. 115/4 in.; girth [BIG GAME above brow-tine, 4/2 in.; spread between tips, I ft. 101/2 in.
Swamp Deer or Barasingha (Cervus duvauceli). - Height of stags, 3 ft. 8 in. to 3 ft. 10 in.; weight of large specimens from 30 stone upwards. Maximum measurements of different antlers: Length around outside, 3 ft. 5 in.; girth, 6½ in.; spread between tips, 3 ft. II in.; width inside, 3 ft. 2 in. Greatest number of points, fifteen.
Schomburgk's Deer (Cervus schomburgki). - Height about 3 ft. 5 in. Record antlers measure: Length, 3 ft. 8/8 in.; girth, 5% in.; points, 12 and 11. inside measurement, 2 ft. 9 in.
Widest Thamin or Eld's Deer (Cervus eldi).- Height, 3 ft. 9 in. to 4 ft. 3 in. Average weight, 220 lbs. Best measurements (single head): Length, 3 ft. 6 in.; girth, 5 in.; widest inside, 24 in.; points, 3 and 2. As many as twenty small points have been recorded, and in one case 16 and 19. A good head of 3 ft. 5 in. carried 12 points, 7 and 5.
Fallow Deer (Cervus dama). Height, about 3 ft. Weight from 140 lbs. to 200 lbs., clean. Maximum measurements of different antlers: Length, 2 ft. 6 in.; girth, 5 in.; width of palm, 8 in.; spread between tips, 2 ft. 8/2 in.; width inside, 2 ft. 6 in. Greatest number of points, thirty.
Mesopotamian Fallow Deer (Cervus (dama) mesopotamicus). - Bigger and heavier than the common species. Weight of a buck (clean) about 24 stone. Record antlers: Length, 3 ft. 0/2 in.; girth, 434 in.; palm width, 53/8 in.; tip to tip, 163/4 in.; points, 27 (15 and 12).
Muntjac, Barking Deer, or Kakar (Cervulus muntjac). - Height, from I ft. 8 in. to I ft. IO in. Weight, 28 lbs. to 40 lbs.
Average length of good antlers, 3 in. or 4 in. on pedicles of 4 in. or 5 in.; but a maximum length of 103/8 in. has been attained.
Reindeer or Caribou (Rangifer tarandus). - Notwithstanding the constantly reiterated opinions of sportsmen as to the specific distinctions between the Old World Reindeer and the New World Reindeer or Caribou, whether Woodland or Barrenground, it will be better to consider that there is but one species, variable in size and coloration according to geographical distribution. Curiously few body-measurements or weights of the Old World form appear to have been recorded. The height of Finnish Reindeer is stated to reach 48 in. at shoulder and 51/2 in. at loins, the typical Swedish reindeer standing only 44/2 in. at shoulder and 4534 in. at loins.
BIG GAME] Measurements of an American "Woodland Caribou" bull are: Length from nose to root of tail, 6 ft. 7 in.; height at shoulder, 4 ft. 5 in.; height behind saddle on rump, 4 ft. 7 in.; girth behind forelegs, 5 ft. I in.; length of neck (along top), I ft. 5 in.; weight (estimated), 400 lbs. A Newfoundland caribou has measured 4 ft.
IO in. at shoulder. Of the antlers-which, unlike those of other deer, are borne by the female as well as by the male-the maximum length is given as 5 ft. 2 in. Maximum girth, 7/4 in.; spread between tips, 4 ft. 03/4 in.; widest inside, 4 ft. 6 in. Greatest number of points, 20+30=50; this in a specimen in the Vienna Museum. Norwegian antlers, which appear to be smaller, have attained 33 points, and the best measurements, in the order given above, are 4 ft. 11/2 in.; 7 in.; 3 ft. 6/2 in.; and 3 ft. 8 in.
Elk or Moose (Alces machlis). This, the greatest of all living deer, known in the Old World as the Elk, and in the New World as Moose, sometimes attains a height of 18 hands or more. A good Scandinavian Elk will stand 5 ft. 9 in. at the withers, while the moose of Alaska, especially in the Kenai Peninsula, have been known to attain from 6 ft. 6 in. to 7 ft. Some of the gigantic beasts killed in this part of North America weigh as much as 1,600 lbs., or perhaps even more. The estimated weight of an Elk killed in Lithuania by Count Scheibler was 1,500 lbs. This beast measured 5 ft. 9 in. at the shoulder. The finest head mentioned in Records of Big Game, which came from the Yukon, and is in the possession of Mr. W. F. Sheard, had a greatest width of 6 ft. 6/2 in.; length, 4 ft. I in.; breadth of palm, 18 in.; points, 40. A longest antler measurement of 4 ft. 7½ in. has been recorded, a palm breadth of 23 in., and as many as 47 points.
These were from Alaskan examples. The record European head-a Norwegian specimen-has a greatest width of 4 ft. 4 in.; length, 2 ft. 8 in.; breadth of palm, 9 in.; points, 18. A palm breadth of 152 in. has been recorded of another Norwegian example, and a 22-point head from Lithuania. Roe Deer (Capreolus caprea). Height about 2 ft. 2 in. Weight varies from 40 lbs. to as much as 65 lbs. Maximum length of horns, I ft. I in.; girth, 4 in.; tip to tip, 14/2 in. This was a German example. The best British head was one secured by Mr. R. Moncrieff, in Perthshire, which measured I ft. 01/8 in. Anything over 9 in. is an exceptional head.
Siberian Roe (Capreolus pygargus).- A considerably bigger beast than the European roe, measuring at shoulder from 2 ft. 4 in. to 2 ft. IO in. Record head measures in length in.; girth, 63/4 in. Another head in the Tring Museum (Hon. Walter Rothschild's) measures: Length, 1734 in.; girth, 4 in. tip to tip, 12½ in. This was from the Thian Shan range.
Virginian or White-tailed Deer (Mazama americana). -Very variable in size. Weight, 175 lbs. to 200 lbs. Maximum measurements of different antlers: Length of one antler in British Museum, 2 ft. 35/8 in., with girth, 53/8 in. Greatest spread between tips, I ft. 61/8 in. Widest inside, I ft. 8 in. Points, fifty-two. This last is, of course, an abnormal head. A twelve-point head is an average good one.
Guanaco (Lama guanacus). Height of [Photo. by W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.
GUANACO. full-grown male, about 4 ft. Length, from 7 ft. to 8 ft.
Pampas Deer (Mazama campestris). — Height, about 2 ft. 6 in. Maximum measurements of different horns: Length, I ft. 25/8 in. Girth, 43/4 in. Spread between tips, I ft. 1/4 in. Points, normally 6, but 23 have been recorded.
Marsh Deer (Mazama dichotoma).- Size about that of a red deer. Record antlers measure: Length, 2 ft. 11/8 in.; girth, 5 in.; tip to tip, I ft. 10/4 in.; points, 13. As many as 28 points have been recorded.
Mule-Deer (Mazama hemionus). Often called, in Colorado, the "Black-tail," which can only be properly applied to the next species. Height about 3 ft. 4 in. A good stag will weigh as much as 17 stone or a little over. Maximum measurements of different antlers: Length, 2 ft. 93/4 in.
Girth, 6/2 in. Spread between tips, 2 ft. 5½ in. Width inside, 3 ft. 01/4 in. Points, forty.
Black-Tailed Deer (Mazama columbiana). - Weight, about 200 lbs. Maximum measurements of different antlers: Length, 2 ft. 5½ in. Girth, 6 in. Spread between tips, I ft. 5 in. Width inside, I ft. 7½ in.
Points, fifteen.
There are various small deer, such as the Musk and the Chevrotains, characterised by the absence of horns and the presence of tusks, which may be passed over here, as, indeed, may be the camels, which are only found in a semi-wild state, or escaped from an ancient captivity.
Wild Pig or Wild Boar (Sus scrofa).- Whether the European Wild Boar is specifically distinct from the Indian is rather a vexed question, but Mr. Lydekker, who is [BIG GAME tusk, which had grown almost into a circle, measured 143/4 in.
Wart Hog (Phachochœrus @thiopicus). - Height about 30 inches. Weight from [Photo. by W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.
EUROPEAN WILD PIG. an accomplished biologist, and in the best position for judging, inclines to that belief; it is, therefore, to the former that the following measurements belong:-Height, about 2 ft. 9 in. Extreme weight, 400 lbs.
Maximum length of tusk round outside curve, 13 in.
Indian Wild Pig or Boar (Sus cristatus). Height, from 2 ft. 6 in. to 3 ft. 4 in. at shoulder. Weight, from 200 lbs. to [Photo. by W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.
WART HOG. 200 lbs. to 230 lbs. Record tushes measure 27 in. and 26 in. respectively over the curve.
Forest Hog (Hylochœrus meinertzhageni). Considerably exceeds the Wart Hog in size. Tusks from a specimen in the Tring Museum measure: Upper tusks, 1074 in. and 93/4 in.; lower tusks, 9 in and 8/2 in.
Babirusa (Babirusa alfurus). Height from 27 in. at shoulder to 3 ft. 6 in. at middle of back. Weight, 128 lbs. and upwards. Record tusks: Upper, 17 in. Of [Photo. by W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.
INDIAN WILD PIG. 300 lbs., or over. Maximum length of tusks of lower jaw, 143/8 in. A malformed [Photo. by W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.
BABIRUSA. another pair the upper tusks measured 163/4 in.; the lower, 13½ in. am- Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus phibius). Height at shoulder, about 3 ft.
Io in. to 4 ft. An old male, measured by Sir Samuel Baker, was 14 ft. 3 in. from snout to end of tail, this being about 9 in.
Another measured 15 ft. 10 in. Weight of fresh hide, about 5 cwt. One hippo of a BIG GAME] [Photo. by W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.
HIPPOPOTAMUS. length of 12 ft., kept in confinement, weighed about 4 tons. Maximum tuskmeasurements, different examples: Length around outside curve, 5 ft. 4½ in. Girth, 103/8 in. Weight of a good pair, I5 lbs.
Indian Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis). Height at shoulder, 5 ft. 9 in. to 6 ft. 4/4 in. Horn measurements: Jerdon mentions one 2 ft. in length, and there is one in possession of Lord Curzon which 4 ft. 6 in.; length, tip of snout to root of tail, 8 ft.; weight, about 2,000 lbs. Maximum length of anterior horn, 2 ft. 8/8 in., with girth, I ft. 53/8 in. Longest posterior horn, 17 in.
African Black Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros bicornis). Sir Samuel Baker and Selous state that the males may attain a height of from 5 ft. 6 in. to 5 ft. 8 in. at shoulder.
An adult female stood 4 ft. 8/2 in.; length, tip of snout to root of tail, 4 ft. 11/2 in.; tail, 1 ft. 9½ in. Maximum measurements: [Photo. by W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.
INDIAN RHINOCEROS. measures: Length, I ft. 9½ in.; girth, 2 ft. 03/4 in. son- Javan Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros daicus). Sterndale gives the height at shoulder as 5 ft. 6 in.; length, I2 ft. 3 in., including tail of 2 ft. 4/2 in. Horn of one in British Museum measures: Length, 105/8 in.; girth, I ft. 75/8 in.
Sumatran Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sumatrensis).-Height at shoulder, 4 ft. to [Photo. by W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.
SUMATRAN RHINOCEROS. [Photo. by W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.
AFRICAN BLACK RHINOCEROS.
Anterior horn, length, 4 ft. 5½ in.; girth, I ft. 674 in. The next best pair measure:
Anterior horn, 3 ft. II in.; girth, 22 in.
Posterior horn: I ft. 103/4 in.; girth, 20 in.
White or Burchell's Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros simus). - Height at shoulder, maximum 6 ft. 6 in. One, a male, mentioned at p. 329, P.Z.S., 1894, measured 6 ft. 1/2 in. at the withers; length between uprights, I2 ft. I in. girth behind shoulders, IO ft. 3½ in. ; round fore-arm, 3 ft. 4½ in. anterior horn measures 2 ft. 3 in. Maximum length of anterior horn, 5 ft. 2½ in., with girth, I ft. 10/2 in. Another, in the British Museum, measures 4 ft. 8½ in., with a girth of I ft. 11/2 in. Posterior horns are noted of I ft. 57/8 in. in length; maximum girth, 2 ft. 11/2 in.
Indian Elephant (Elephas indicus).- Average height of adult male, about 9 ft.; of adult female, 8 ft. A first-class "Koomeriah " or thoroughbred, which was probably sixty years of age, is stated by Sanderson to have measured 9 ft. 2 in. at shoulder. Sterndale gives IO ft. 7½ in. as the maximum authentic record, but a specimen killed by the late Sir Victor Brooke is said to have stood II ft.; and for another, whose skeleton now stands II ft. 3 in. in the Museum at Calcutta, an original height of 12 ft. is claimed, the same height being also attributed to a Ceylon example. An elephant's height is often said to be normally double the girth of its forefoot. The weight of an adult specimen does not appear to have been recorded, but a young male at the Zoological Gardens in 1881, whose height was 8 ft., weighed 2 tons, 17 cwt., I qr., 23 lbs.; and another, 7 ft. 6 in. in height, weighed 2 tons, II cwt., o qr., 23 lbs. The maximum tusk-measurements pertain to a pair in the possession of the late Earl of Lytton, which measured respectively 8 ft. 9 in. and 8 ft. 2 in. These weighed 81 lbs. and 80°2 lbs. each. A tusk measuring 8 ft. from the very large elephant killed by Sir Victor Brooke weighed 90 lbs.
Greater weights have, however, been recorded, one from South India attaining 109 lbs., and another from Burma, 106 lbs.
African Elephant (Elephas africanus).- The dimensions and weight of a male specimen, killed by H.R.H. the Duke of Saxe- Coburg, are given as: Height at withers, IO ft. ; girth, I6 ft. 6 in. length of ear, 4 ft. 6 in.; entire weight, 4 tons, 8 cwt., 4 lbs. Of another male, killed by Sir John Kirk, the dimensions were: Height, IO ft. 3 in.; maximum girth, 18 ft.; girth of fore-foot, 5 ft. 1 in.; width of ear, 3 ft.; length, 5 ft. 9 in. The respective dimensions of two elephants, shot by Selous and Jameson, are given as: Height at shoulder, 10 ft. and Io ft. 4 in.; length of ear, 5 ft. 5 in. and 5 ft. 6½ in.; breadth, 3 ft. 3 in. and 3 ft. 4 in.; girth of fore-foot, 4 ft. 4½ in. and 4 ft. 7/2 in. The renowned Jumbo " stood II ft. at withers, and weighed 6 tons, IO cwt. The largest wild elephant is one recorded by Mr. N. Weld Blundell in Abyssinia, which measured II ft. 81/4 in. at shoulder. Another secured by Messrs.
E. S. Grogan and G. A. S. Cape near Wadelai, taped II ft. 6 in. The late Mr.
A. H. Neumann shot a bull elephant in East Africa which measured II ft. 3 in. 66 The dimensions and weight of a baby elephant, aged one hour, are stated to have been: Height at shoulder, 2 ft. 10/2 in.; length of trunk, I ft.; tail, I ft. 8 in.; girth at thorax, 3 ft. 9 in.; at abdomen, 4 ft. I in.; at base of trunk, 9 in.; of fore-foot, I ft. 5 in.; weight, 213 lbs.
Maximum tusks recorded: Length of a pair in the possession of Mr. Rowland Ward, II ft. 5½ in. and II ft. respectively.
These weighed 293 lbs. the pair. A single tusk belonging to Sir Edmund Loder measures IO ft. 4 in., has a girth of 2 ft. 2 in., and weighs 235 lbs. Another tusk, in [BIG GAME the British Museum, is IO ft. 21/2 in. long, has a girth of 24½ in., and weighs 226 lbs. All these magnificent teeth were from East Africa.
Mountain Zebra (Equus zebra).- Height at withers, 4 ft. to 4 ft. 2 in. [Photo. by W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.
MOUNTAIN ZEBRA.
Burchell's Zebra (Equus burchelli).- Height, 4 ft. 4 in. to 4 ft. 6 in. [Photo. by W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S BURCHELL'S ZEBRA.
Grant's Zebra (Equus burchelli granti).
Height, 3 ft. II in. to 4 ft. 2 in. [Photo. by W. S. Berridge. F.Z.S.
GRANT'S ZEBRA.
BIG GAME] [Photo. by W. S. Berridge, F.Z.S.
GREVY'S ZEBRA.
Grevy's Zebra (Equus grevyi).—Height, 4 ft. IO in. to 5 ft.
Bibliography. - AFRICA: - Wild Beasts and their Ways, Sir S. Baker (Macmillan), 1891; The Great and Small Game of Africa, edited by G. H.
Bryden (Ward), 1899; The Game Animals of Africa, R. Lydekker (Ward), 1908. - NORTH :- Western Barbary, Sir J. H. Drummond-Hay (Murray), 1844; The Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia, Sir S. Baker (Macmillan), 1871; Seventeen Trips through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia, Major H. G. C. Swayne (Ward), 1900; A Sporting Trip through Abyssinia, P. H. G. P.
Cotton (Ward), 1902. - SOUDAN:- Life with the Hamran Arabs, A. B. R. Myers (Smith, Elder), 1876.-WEST: - Travel and Adventure in the Congo Free State, H. Bailey, "Bula n'Zan" (Chapman and Hall), 1894; A Sportsman's Guide to North-West Rhodesia, the Big-Game Country, F. Aitkens, District Commissioner, B.S.A.C. (166 Fleet Street), 1905; Central African Game and Its Spoor, Captain C. H. Stigand and D. D. Lyell (Cox), 1906. -EAST: -Through Masai Land, J.
Thomson (Sampson Low), 1885; East Africa and its Big Game, Sir J. C. Willoughby (Longmans), 1889; Lion Hunting in Somaliland, C. J. Melliss (Chapman and Hall), 1895; Big-Game Shooting, C. P. Wolley, Badminton Library (Longmans), 1895; Elephant Hunting in East Equatorial Africa, A. H. Neumann (Ward), 1898; Two African Trips, E. N. Buxton (Stanford), 1902; Big-Game Shooting and Travel in South- East Africa, F. R. N. Findlay (Fisher Unwin), 1904; On Safari: Big-Game Hunting in British East Africa, A. Chapman (Arnold), 1908; Three Years' Sport in Mozambique, Wm. Vasse, translated by R. and H. M. Lydekker (Pitman), 1909; The Game of British East Africa, C. H. Stigand (Cox), 1909.- SOUTH : -Narrative of an Expedition into Southern Africa, W. Cornwallis Harris (Bombay), 1838; Portraits of the Game and Wild Animals of Southern Africa, W. Cornwallis Harris (London), 1840; Lake Ngami, C. J.
Cornwal Anderson (Hurst and Blackett), 1856; The Lion and the Elephant, C. J. Anderson (Hurst and Blackett), 1873; The Hunter's Arcadia, Parker C. Whitney (Osgood, Gillmore (Chapman), 1886; Kloof and Karoo, Sport, Lege Sport, Legend , and Natural History in Cape Colony ( Colony (Longmans), 1889; Men, Mines, and Animals in South Africa, Lord Randolph Churchill (Sampson Low), 1892; Gun and Camera in Southern Africa, H. A. Bryden (Stanford), 1893; Travel and Adventures in South- East Africa, F. C. Selous (Rowland Ward), 1893; African Hunting and Adventure from Natal to the Zambesi, W. C. Baldwin (Bentley), 1894; In Haunts of Wild Game, F. V. Kirby (Blackwood), 1896; A Breath from the Veldt, J. G. Millais (Sotheran), 1899; The Lion Hunter in South Africa, Gordon Cumming (Murray), 1904; A Hunter's Wanderings in Africa, F. C. Selous (Bentley), 1907. - AMERICA: NORTH BRITISH :- Saskatchewan and the Rocky Mountains, Earl of Southesk (Edmonston, Edinburgh), 1875; Sport, Travel, and Adventure in Newfoundland, Sir W. R. Kennedy, K.C.B. (Blackwood), 1885; Ten Years Travel and Sport in Foreign Lands, Sir H. Seton-Karr (Chapman and Hall), 1890; The Barren Ground of Northern Canada, Warburton Pike (Macmillan), 1892; Caribou Shooting in Newfoundland, S. T. Davis (Lancaster, Pensyl.), 1895; On Snow Shoes to the Barren Grounds, C. Whitney (Osgood, McIlvaine), 1896; Big- Game Shooting in Alaska, C. R. E. Radcliffe (Ward), 1904; Newfoundland and Its Untrodden Ways, J. G. Millais (Longmans), 1907; The Way of the Woods, E. Breck (Putnam's), 1908; Recent Hunting Trips in British North America, F. C.
Selous (Witherby), 1909. - UNITED STATES:-The Antelope and Deer of America, J. D. Caton (Hurd, N.Y.), 1877; The Hunting Grounds of the Great West, R. J. Dodge (Chatto), 1877; On the Frontier, J. S. Campion (Chapman and Hall), 1878; Sport and Photography in the Rocky Mountains, A. Williamson (Douglas, Edinburgh), 1880; Camps in the Rockies, W. A. Baillie-Grohman, 1882; Cruisings in the Cascades, G. O. Shields (Rand, McNally), 1889; Three Years' Hunting and Trapping, J. Turner-Turner (Maclure, N.Y.); Life in the Backwoods, J. Turner- Turner (printed for author by Stereoscopic Co., London); The Big Game of North America, edited by G. O. Shields (Sampson Low), 1890; The Camp Fires of the Everglades, C. E. Whitehead (Douglas, Edinburgh), 1891; American Big-Game Hunting, edited by Th.
Roosevelt and G. B. Grinnell (Douglas, Edinburgh), 1893; Ranch Life and Hunting Trail, Th. Roosevelt (Fisher Unwin), 1902; American Big Game and its Haunts, G. B. Grinnell (Kegan Paul), 1904. -SOUTH AMERICA: -A Ride Across a Continent, F. Boyle (Bentley), 1868; Sporting Sketches in South America, Admiral Kennedy (Porter), 1892; Through the Heart of Patagonia, H. H. Pritchard (Heinemann), 1902; The Naturalist in La Plata, W. H. Hudson (Chapman and Hall), 1903; Wanderings in South America, Chas. Waterton, new edition (Hutchinson), 1906. - ARCTIC REGIONS:-Seasons with the Sea-Horses, J. Lamont (Hurst and Blackett), 1861; Yachting in the Arctic Seas, J. Lamont (Chatto), 1876; Fridtjof Nansen, W. C. Brogger and W. Rolfsen (Longmans), 1896; Farthest North, F. Nansen (Newnes), 1898.-ASIA MINOR:-Sport and Travel, East and West, F. C.
Selous (Longmans), 1900.-ASIA: NORTHERN :- The Cruise of the Marchesa to Kamchatka and New Guinea, F. H. Guillemard (Murray), 1889; Major C. S. Cumberland (Blackwood), 1895; Sport on the Pamirs and Turkestan Steppes, After Wild Sheep in the Altai and Mongolia, Prince Demidoff (Ward), 1900; Through Siberia, J. Stadling, edited by F. H. Guillemard (Conman stable), 1901; Chinese Turkestan, P. W. Church (Rivington), 1901; A Shooting Trip to Kamchatka, Prince Demidoff (Ward), 1904.- SOUTHERN:- The Old Forest Ranger or Wild Sports in India, Colonel W. Campbell (Stringer and Townsend), 1853; Tiger Shooting in India, W. Rice (Smith, Elder), 1857; My Indian Journal, Colonel W. Campbell (Douglas, Edinburgh), 1864; The Highlands of Central India, Captain J. Forsyth (Chapman and Hall), 1871; The Rifle and Hound in Ceylon, Sir S. W. Baker (Longmans), 1874; The Large and Small Game of Bengal and the North-Western Provinces of India, Captain J. H. Baldwin (King), 1876; Sport and Work on the Nepaul Frontier, J. Inglis (Macmillan), 1878; Thirteen Years among the Wild Beasts of India, G. P. Sanderson (Allen), 1878; Indian Game, Major-General W. Rice (Allen), 1884; Large-Game Shooting in Thibet, the Himalayas, and Northern India, Colonel A. Kinlock (Thacker), 1885; Shikar Sketches, J. Moray Brown (Hurst and Blackett), 1887; Life in Tigerland, the Hon. J. Inglis (Sampson Low), 1888; Wanderings and Wild Sport on and Beyond the Himalayas, Major-General D. Macintyre (Blackwood), 1891; Reminiscences of Twenty Years' Pig-Sticking in Bengal, "Raoul" (Thacker), 1893; Thirty Years of Shikar, Sir E. Braddon (Blackwood), 1895; In and Beyond the Himalaya, S. J. Stone (Arnold), 1896; Fifty Years' Reminiscences of India, F. T. Pollok (Arnold), 1896; Wild Sports in Burmah, F. T. Pollok and W. H.
Thorn (Chapman and Hall), 1900; Ibex Shooting on the Himalayas, N. C. Taylor (Sampson Low), 1903; The Sportsman's Book for India, edited by 1903 F. G. Aflalo (Marshall), 1904; Wanderings in the Great Forests of Borneo, O. Beccari, edited by F. H. H. Guillemard, 1904; Jungle Trails and Jungle People, C. Whitney (Werner Laurie), 1905; The Game Animals of India, R. Lydekker (Ward), 1907.-AUSTRALIA, &c. :-Bush Wanderings of a Naturalist, H. W. Wheelwright (Routledge), 1861; Wild Life and Adventure in the Australian Bush, A. Nicols (Bentley), 1887; Sport in New Zealand, M. Craddock (Treherne), 1904.-EUROPE: - Das Jagdbuch Kaiser Maximilians I., Dr. Michael Mayr (Sampson Low), 1901; The Field Sports of the North of Europe, L. Lloyd (1830), new edition, 1885 (Hamilton Adams); Scandinavian Adventures, L. Lloyd (Bentley), 1854; Ten Years in Sweden, H. W.
Wheelwright (Groombridge), 1865; A Spring and Summer in Lapland, H. W. Wheelwright (Groombridge), 1871; Sport in the Crimea and Caucasus, C. P. Wolley (Bentley), 1881; Wild Spain, A.
Chapman and W. J. Buck (Gurney and Jackson), 1893; Sport in Europe, edited by F. G. Aflalo (Sands), 1901; Manual de Sport, A. Viuda (Spain), 1902; The Wild Sports and Natural History of the Highlands, Ch. St. John (Murray), 1907.-GENERAL:- Short Stalks, Ist series, 1892, 2nd series, 1898, E. N. Buxton (Stanford); The Great and Small Game of Europe, Western and Northern Asia and America, R. Lydekker (Ward), 1902; The Deer Family, Th. Roosevelt (Macmillan), 1902; Musk Ox, Bison, Sheep, and Goat, C. Whitney, B. G. Grinnell, and O. Winter (Macmillan), 1904; Big-Game Shooting, H. G.
Hutchinson (Newnes), 1905; Records of Big Game, Rowland Ward (Ward), 1907. a BIG HORN (Ovis canadensis). This magnificent animal ranks high from sportsman's point of view among the Big Game of North America. Although becoming scarce elsewhere, it is still very [BIG GAME plentiful in British Columbia, especially in the district of Sheep Creek, East Kootenay, where it is preserved by a close time and a limit on the quantity to be killed.
Probably no animal is keener of scent, sight, and hearing; often, high up the mountain side, it will spend hours upon a solitary rock gazing into the depths below where no movement escapes its notice.
Most necessary is it therefore to circle widely round one which may have been sighted, and approach it only from above, and that with the greatest caution, lest a dislodged pebble should give the alarm. At certain seasons large bands of rams herd together high up the mountains; at other times most mixed bands contain at least one old ram, and occasionally two or three old rams appear to wander about by themselves.
Shooting. There are three modes of hunting these sheep. The most legitimate of these is by fair stalking, when the man who scores a fine head will have many reasons to remember the exciting climb it entailed. In some districts trained dogs are used, and when a ram is sighted these are laid on, quickly bringing the animal to bay on some projecting rock, where, if the dogs know their work, they will detain him until the hunter arrives within range. A ram is easily approached under these conditions, for it seems to see nothing but the dogs.
BIG HORN.
Valdwell Height at shoulder. 3 ft. 2 in.; av. horn meas. 35 in.; max. horn meas. 45 in.
The third method entails constantly watching "Licks," whither sheep make periodical excursions, singly and in bands, from the mountain tops to gorge themselves with clay. They may remain from an BILLIARDS] hour to two days, and when killed their stomachs will be found full of nothing but the clay formed from denuded limestone, which they lick and gnaw until sometimes deep tunnels are formed in the steep cliffs large enough completely to hide six or seven sheep. The hunter standing over one of these warrens may bolt them like rabbits within two yards of him. Although many big rams may be killed at licks, it scarcely repays the time wasted in fruitless visits.
In the dead of winter sheep often come into the valleys and feed off fallen fir trees. At such times they may be seen mixed with white and black tailed deer, low down on a river's bank, and I have known them approach within forty yards of an inhabited log hut.
No North American animal affords better sport, none carries a handsomer head; but it is rare to secure a fine one with perfect tips to the horns, about three inches being nearly always worn off from constant contact with rocks. It is scarcely necessary, however, to mention that the old idea of sheep leaping down precipices and alighting on their horns is one of the many fallacies long exploded J. TURNER-Turner. - BILLIARDS - Introductory.
During the past fifty years the game of Billiards has advanced from the disreputable to the highly respectable, and now deservedly occupies the position of a first-class indoor game. It possesses advantages over any other game. It can be played by daylight and by gaslight, by both sexes, and there is no reason why a lady should not play equally as well as a gentleman; in fact, I have played with a lady who has scored a break of thirty, and have heard of others whose powers are much in excess of this.
Consequently, we may in the future hear of the lady champion of billiards, just as we now hear of the lady champion of lawn tennis or golf.
During wet weather, or when a bleak east wind is blowing, and outdoor recreation is unpleasant, healthy exercise can be obtained in the billiard-room. There is sufficient excitement in the game to make it interesting without any money stakes. To become a good player requires thought and judgment, eye, nerve, and good temper; patience under adversity, and skill to take advantage of the openings that offer.
Although a full-sized table requires a large room, yet miniature tables can be procured on which an interesting game can be played, and tables are now constructed in such a manner that when inverted they can be used for dining-tables. The fullsized table, however, is now usually to be found in every club, mess, and country house. It is even sanctioned for soldiers' recreation rooms; and instead, as was predicted by officers of the old school, of leading to gambling and swindling, it seems to have produced the opposite effect.
The prejudice that was formerly displayed against billiards was, perhaps, not without cause. It was played principally in public-houses, and the players were not always those who belonged to the respectable class. These men studied the game for the sole purpose of being able to win money from the unwary. The rooms were dirty, and drinking was considered a necessary accompaniment of the game. As an example of the prejudice against billiards held by certain gentlemen of the old school, I will refer to my own experience. When I was quite a child, my father had a billiard-table built and placed in our schoolroom for the amusement of himself and friends. The bed of the table was of wood, and the cushions stuffed with some elastic material. My first essays at strokes were made by aid of standing on a small stool, in order to reach to the level of the table. As a treat I was allowed to mark the game, which was registered on a dial.
I thus very early became acquainted with cannons, ," "hazards," "jennys," &c., and at ten years of age could play a fair game, without in the least suspecting there was anything disreputable in being able to do 66 SO.
On joining the Royal Military Academy as a cadet, I found that by the standing orders any cadet known to enter a billiard-room was liable to seven days' arrest, while at the present time there is a billiard-room at the Academy at which cadets may play.
There were, however, even at that date, men possessing sufficient reason to conclude that if a man excelled in any one thing, he was more likely to be efficient in his military duties than were those who did nothing, and consequently excelled in nothing; whilst in the present day, to describe a man as an excellent billiard, whist, or chess player, would be considered complimentary rather than a disgrace. For it is most unlikely that a man who excels others in any one thing which can be so practically tested as can billiards, should be deficient in those qualities by which superiority can be judged. Some of those officers who have gained the greatest distinction in the examinations at our staff college are not those who have brought the greatest honour to our arms. When they should have given a miss under the cushion, they have played for a big break, and have lost the game. Hence there is more to be learned from a game of billiards than merely how to make cannons and hazards.